Fig. 5. Abnormal head morphology of transgenic epididymal sperm. (A) Phase-contrast microscopy of wild-type, PMP and PMH sperm heads. (B) Acridine Orange fluorescence of sperm heads. (i) Wild-type sperm, (ii) wild-type sperm treated with dithiothreitol and 4-vinylpyridine in order to disrupt chromatin integrity, (iii) sperm from the PMP 3464 line, and (iv) sperm from the PMH 9501 line. Sperm heads from PMP and PMH transgenic mice with normal morphology emitted the same green fluorescence as wild-type sperm. Abnormal sperm heads did not fluoresce.