Fig. 5. Dauer expression of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis genes. The glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways are upregulated in dauers, as inferred from changes in gene expression. None of the C. elegans genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze each step in these two pathways has been explicitly defined, but the ORFs illustrated show significant homology to the respective enzymes. Red lettering and boxes refer to genes that are dauer enriched (P<0.01) when comparing pure dauers at 0 hours to 12 hours. Correspondingly, red arrows indicate inferred high levels of enzyme activity in dauers. Black lettering in gray boxes indicates no significant difference in expression. The magnitude of induction or repression for each gene is indicated. Lines that end in black circles connect genes with the enzymatic step. Some key metabolic intermediates are shown. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity (N4) is depicted as a broken line because there is no clear homolog that encodes that activity. F47B8.10 encodes a glucose-6-phosphate translocase, which functions in a complex with the phosphatase in vertebrates. Glycolysis enzymes: E1, hexokinase; E2, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; E3, phosphofructokinase; E4, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; E5, triose phosphate isomerase; E6, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; E7, phosphoglycerate kinase; E8, phosphoglycerate mutase; E9, enolase; E10, pyruvate kinase. Gluconeogenic enzymes: N1, pyruvate carboxylase; N2, phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase; N3, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; N4, glucose-6-phosphatase. Glu-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; Fru-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; Fru-1,6-BP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate.