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Fig. 3. Epidermal hole closure as part of natural morphogenetic episodes. Drosophila dorsal closure and C. elegans ventral enclosure. (A-D) Confocal micrographs of the dorsal surface of successively older Drosophila embryos expressing {alpha}-catenin-GFP that depict the four phases of dorsal closure: (A) initiation; (B) epithelial sweeping; (C) zippering; and (D) termination. LE, leading edge epidermis; AS, amnioserosa; VE, ventral ectoderm. (E-H) Scanning electron micrographs of the ventral surface of successively older C. elegans embryos similarly depicting dorsal intercalation and the three phases of ventral enclosure: (E) dorsal intercalation; (F) leading cell migration; (G) leading cell junction formation and fusion; and (H) ventral pocket enclosure. Leading edge cells (LE) are marked with an asterisk. LSH, lateral seam hypodermis; VH, ventral hypodermis. Anterior is towards the left in all images. (A-D) Courtesy of Sarah Woolner; (E-H) courtesy of Jim Priess.