Fig. 1. Fate map of the neural crest-derived phenotypes along the neural axis. The various cell phenotypes yielded by neural crest (NC) cells at different anteroposterior levels of the neural fold (light blue) are shown in chick embryos of 7 (left) and 28 (right) somites (S). Left, tissues that arise from the cephalic NC; right, tissues that arise from the trunk NC in cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral regions of the spinal cord. The region that gives rise to mesectoderm (green) extends from the level of mid-diencephalon down to rhombomere (r) 8 (corresponding to S4). Melanocytes (grey) are produced along the entire length of the neural axis. The parasympathetic ciliary ganglion (yellow) derives from the mesencephalic NC. Enteric ganglia (orange) arise from both vagal (S1-S7) and lumbosacral (posterior to S28) NC. Caudal to S4, the trunk NC yields PNS sympathetic ganglia (red), whereas the sensory ganglia (dark blue) are generated by the mes-metencephalic NC and by the NC from posterior rhombencephalic to lumbosacral levels. Endocrine cells (violet) originate from the NC of S2-S4 and S18-S24 levels.