Fig. 3. Defective pancreatic islet ß-cell and -cell numbers in Gdf11-deficient mice. (A-C) Immunohistochemical detection of insulin (brown) at E17.5 in mice with the indicated genotypes. (D) Quantification of ß-cell mass by point-counting morphometry in Gdf11^+/+, Gdf11^+/- and Gdf11^-/- pancreata at P1. Data are shown as the average measurements from at least four mice of indicated genotypes ± standard error of the mean. The asterisk indicates a significant difference between Gdf11^-/- animals and Gdf11⁺ littermates at P<0.05. (E-G) Immunohistochemical detection of glucagon (brown) at E17.5 in mice with the indicated genotypes. (H) Quantification of -cell mass by point-counting morphometry in Gdf11^+/+, Gdf11^+/- and Gdf11^-/- pancreata at P1. Data are shown as the average measurements from at least four mice of indicated genotypes ± standard error of the mean. Asterisks indicate significant differences between wild-type littermates and Gdf11 deficient animals at P<0.05. (I-K) Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin (brown) at E17.5 in mice with the indicated genotypes. (L-N) Immunohistochemical detection of pancreatic polypeptide (brown) at E17.5 in mice with the indicated genotypes. (O-Q) Pancreatic islet cell expression of insulin (green) and glucagon (red) at P1. Representative samples are shown.