Fig. 4. Neural crest marker Dlx is induced by Bmp signaling, Msx1 and Msx3. Immunofluorescence labeling showing an increase in number of migrating Dlx⁺ cells induced by overexpression of ca-Bmpr1 (A), Msx1 (B) and Msx3 (C). Arrows indicate migrating Dlx⁺ cells. ca-Bmpr1 also induces ectopic Dlx expression within the neural tube (A). (D) Quantification of Dlx⁺ cells/section on the control side and the electroporated side of the neural tubes shown in A-C. Data shown as mean±s.e.m., n=16 sections from at least four embryos; ^***P<0.001; ^**P<0.005. (E-G) The expression of another neural crest marker, Slug, detected by in situ hybridization, is induced within the neural tube by ca-Bmpr1 (E), but not Msx1 (F) or Msx3 (G). DA, dorsal aorta; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; NC, notochord. In all panels, left is the control side and right is the electroporated side. Scale bars: 150 µm.