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Fig. 4. Genetic analyses between FRI, FRL1 and FES1. (A) fri;fes1 double mutants have the same flowering time as the parent plants do. Overexpression of FES1 is unable to delay the floral transition in a fri (Col) or frl1 (Col) genetic background. Overexpression of either FRI or FRL1 is suppressed by fes1 lesions. Error bars represent s.d. (B) Pathways that affect the expression of FLC and the FLC clade. These data provide evidence against a linear pathway, and favor a model in which FRI, FRL1 and FES1 form a complex to promote the expression of FLC.