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Fig. 3. Addition of LPA to animal caps causes an increase in cortical actin and more rapid wound-healing. (A) Experimental design. Animal caps were excised from late blastulae, incubated for 10 minutes in either control or LPA solutions, fixed and stained with Alexa-488 phalloidin to visualize F-actin. Caps incubated in 1 µM LPA (C) had increased cortical actin and more rapid wound-healing, compared with control caps (B). (D,E) Higher magnification images of control (B) and 1 µM LPA-treated (C) caps. The increased cortical actin and surface projections caused by LPA are shown. (F) Incubation of animal caps in 5 µM phosphatidic acid for 10 minutes did not increase cortical actin or expedite wound-healing. Scale bars: 50 µm in B,C,F; 10 µm in D,E.