Fig. 12. Chromatin-remodeling factors facilitate distinct stages of transcription. The stage at which each chromatin-remodeling factor is hypothesized to function is marked by an unbroken line. BRM physically interacts with transcriptional activators and facilitates a step prior to the recruitment of Pol II to promoters. CHD1 has been implicated in the later stages of transcriptional elongation. Our findings suggest that KIS-L is required for the transition from the early to late stages of elongation. The activities of KIS-L and CHD1 may be influenced by the methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 and lysine 36 near the 5' end and in the body of transcribed genes, respectively.