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Fig. 3. Gdf3 induces secondary axis and mesendoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. (A-D) Secondary axis formation following ventral marginal zone injection. Morphology of control uninjected embryo (A) and embryos injected with the indicated doses of Nodal (B), Gdf3 (C) or bf-Gdf3 (D) mRNAs; arrows indicate secondary axis formation. (E-H) Gdf3 induces morphogenetic elongation in animal cap explants. Unlike control uninjected caps (E), animal caps injected with the indicated doses of Nodal (F), Gdf3 (G) or bf-Gdf3 (H) mRNAs undergo morphogenetic elongation, as scored at stage 20. (I) Mesendoderm formation in animal cap assays. High doses of Gdf3 (500-1000 pg) result in weak induction of Xbra and Mixer, while low doses of Nodal (50 pg) and bf-Gdf3 (50-100 pg) result in strong induction of markers for mesoderm (Xbra, Gsc, chordin and Xwnt8) and endoderm (Mixer), but not the dorsal marker Xnr3. Ornithine decarboxylase (Odc) is used as an internal control. -RT, no reverse transcriptase added.