Fig. 8. PKA signal is important for Snail2 expression in the neural crest. Transfection of CA-PKA in the ectoderm of cultured embryo induces ectopic Snail2 expression in neural plate and non-neural ectoderm areas (arrowheads). By contrast, misexpression of PKIß expression vector reduces the Snail2 mRNA expression, compared with the untransfected side. Electroporation of GFP and CA-PKA or PKIß expression constructs into the ectoderm was performed on quail embryos at stage 5, and the embryos were cultured for 7 hours.