Fig. 4. Functional analyses of PapsAP3 and PapsPI genes using virus-induced gene silencing. (A) Wild-type poppy flower. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepals; abaxial (c) and adaxial (d) petals; anther (e) and filament (f) of stamens; carpel wall (g) and ovules (h). (B) vigsAP3-1 (silenced for PapsAP3-1) flower showing homeotic transformation of petals into sepaloid organs. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals. (C) vigsAP3-2 flower showing variable transformations of stamens to carpeloid structures. Range of carpeloidy in stamens (a). SEM of carpeloid stamen with stigmatic ray overlying anther tissue (b) and showing the presence of ectopic ovules (c). (D) vigsAP3-D (vigsAP3-1/AP3-2) flower showing a strong homeotic transformation of petals and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals; abaxial surface (c) and ectopic ovules of carpeloid stamens (d). (E) vigsPI-1 flower displaying homeotic transformations in petals and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals; emerging ovule at junction of anther and filament of carpeloid stamen (c) and examples of stigmatic tissue overlying the anther of carpeloid stamens (d). (F) vigsPI-D (vigsPI-1/PI-2) flower showing strong homeotic transformations of petals and stamens. SEM of abaxial (a) and adaxial (b) sepaloid petals; abaxial surface (c) and ovules of carpeloid stamens (d). Scale bars: 30 µm in Aa-f, Ba,b, Da,b, Ea,b, Fa,b; 10 µm in Ag, Dc, Fc; 100 µm in Ah, Cc, Dd, Ec,d, Fd; 300 µm in Cb.