Fig. 3. Regulation of proliferation of mouse ES cells. (A)
Pluripotent transcription factors activate the expression of (B)
certain effectors that drive ES cell proliferation. Among these, Eras and Tcl1
stimulate the (C) phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling
pathway to promote the cell cycle, whereas b-Myb and c-Myc activate the
progression of the cell cycle directly. How Utf1 and Sall4 affect ES cell
proliferation remains unknown.