Fig. 2. Craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, skeletal abnormalities and PA malformations in Foxd3^flox/-; Wnt1-Cre mice and embryos. (A) Newborn Foxd3 mutant mice were found with a severe cleft face and palate. (B) Alizarin Red and Alcian Blue staining of the head skeleton and cartilage, lateral and dorsal views. The frontal bone and nasal capsule are missing in mutants and the parietal and interparietal bones are greatly reduced in size. The basioccipital bone and premaxila are present but smaller, and the mandible is shortened and thickened. (C) Side and front views of embryos at 16.5 dpc show these defects at midgestation. (D) Side view of lineage-labeled (R26R) embryos showing the contribution of NC to the face at 13.5 dpc in control and Foxd3 mutant embryos. bo, basioccipital bone; fb, frontal bone; ip, interparietal bone; md, mandible; mx, maxilla; n, nostrils; nb, nasal bone; nsc, nasal capsule; PA1md, mandibular prominence of pharyngeal arch 1; PA1mx, maxillary prominence of pharyngeal arch 1; PA2, pharyngeal arch 2; pb, parietal bone; pmx, premaxilla; t, tongue; wp, whisker pads.