Development, Vol 110, Issue 2 521-528, Copyright © 1990 by Company of Biologists

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation

M Ginsburg, MH Snow and A McLaren
MRC Mammalian Development Unit, Wolfson House (University College London), UK.

With the aid of a whole-mount technique, we have detected a small cluster of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive cells in whole mounts of mid-primitive-streak-stage embryos, 7-7 1/4 days post coitum (dpc). Within the cluster, about 8 cells contain a small cytoplasmic spot, intensely stained for ALP activity and possibly associated with an active Golgi complex. The cluster lies just posterior to the definitive primitive streak in the extraembryonic mesoderm, separated from the embryo by the amniotic fold. Towards the end of gastrulation, the number of cells containing the ALP-positive spot rises to between 50 and 80. Thereafter the number of cells in the extraembryonic cluster declines, and similar cells start to be seen in the mesoderm of the primitive streak and then in the endoderm. At 8 dpc, about 125 ALP-stained cells are found, mainly in the hindgut endoderm and also at the base of the allantois, their appearance and location at this stage agreeing closely with previous reports on primordial germ cells (PGCs). Embryos from which the cluster area has been removed at the 7-day stage are devoid of PGCs after culture for 48 h, whereas the excised tissue is rich in PGCs. We argue that the cells in the cluster are indeed primordial germ cells, at a stage significantly earlier than any reported previously. This would indicate that the PGC lineage in the mouse is set aside at least as early as 7 dpc, possibly as one of the first 'mesodermal' cell types to emerge, and that its differentiation, as expressed by ALP activity, is gradual.
CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Yamaguchi, K. Kurimoto, Y. Yabuta, H. Sasaki, N. Nakatsuji, M. Saitou, and T. Tada Conditional knockdown of Nanog induces apoptotic cell death in mouse migrating primordial germ cells Development, December 1, 2009; 136(23): 4011 - 4020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Edson, A. K. Nagaraja, and M. M. Matzuk The Mammalian Ovary from Genesis to Revelation Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2009; 30(6): 624 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Peeters, K. Ottersbach, K. Bollerot, C. Orelio, M. de Bruijn, M. Wijgerde, and E. Dzierzak Ventral embryonic tissues and Hedgehog proteins induce early AGM hematopoietic stem cell development Development, August 1, 2009; 136(15): 2613 - 2621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Madan, V. Madan, O. Weber, P. Tropel, C. Blum, E. Kieffer, S. Viville, and H. J. Fehling The Pluripotency-Associated Gene Dppa4 Is Dispensable for Embryonic Stem Cell Identity and Germ Cell Development but Essential for Embryogenesis Mol. Cell. Biol., June 1, 2009; 29(11): 3186 - 3203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Nicholas, S. L. Chavez, V. L. Baker, and R. A. Reijo Pera Instructing an Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oocyte Fate: Lessons from Endogenous Oogenesis Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2009; 30(3): 264 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.I. Marques-Mari, O. Lacham-Kaplan, J.V. Medrano, A. Pellicer, and C. Simon Differentiation of germ cells and gametes from stem cells Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2009; 15(3): 379 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ueno, B. B. Turnbull, and I. L. Weissman Two-step oligoclonal development of male germ cells PNAS, January 6, 2009; 106(1): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Lin, M. E. Gill, J. Koubova, and D. C. Page Germ Cell-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Factors Govern Meiotic Initiation in Mouse Embryos Science, December 12, 2008; 322(5908): 1685 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Burleigh Of Germ Cells, Trophoblasts, and Cancer Stem Cells Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2008; 7(4): 276 - 281. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y. Ohinata, M. Sano, M. Shigeta, K. Yamanaka, and M. Saitou A comprehensive, non-invasive visualization of primordial germ cell development in mice by the Prdm1-mVenus and Dppa3-ECFP double transgenic reporter Reproduction, October 1, 2008; 136(4): 503 - 514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Maatouk, K. L. Loveland, M. T. McManus, K. Moore, and B. D. Harfe Dicer1 Is Required for Differentiation of the Mouse Male Germline Biol Reprod, October 1, 2008; 79(4): 696 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. C. Lange, D. J. Adams, C. Lee, S. Barton, R. Schneider, A. Bradley, and M. A. Surani Normal Germ Line Establishment in Mice Carrying a Deletion of the Ifitm/Fragilis Gene Family Cluster Mol. Cell. Biol., August 1, 2008; 28(15): 4688 - 4696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Mise, T. Fuchikami, M. Sugimoto, S. Kobayakawa, F. Ike, T. Ogawa, T. Tada, S. Kanaya, T. Noce, and K. Abe Differences and similarities in the developmental status of embryo-derived stem cells and primordial germ cells revealed by global expression profiling. Genes Cells, August 1, 2008; 13(8): 863 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kurimoto, Y. Yabuta, Y. Ohinata, M. Shigeta, K. Yamanaka, and M. Saitou Complex genome-wide transcription dynamics orchestrated by Blimp1 for the specification of the germ cell lineage in mice Genes & Dev., June 15, 2008; 22(12): 1617 - 1635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Qing, H. Liu, W. Wei, X. Ye, W. Shen, D. Zhang, Z. Song, W. Yang, M. Ding, and H. Deng Mature oocytes derived from purified mouse fetal germ cells Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2008; 23(1): 54 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Bowles and P. Koopman Retinoic acid, meiosis and germ cell fate in mammals Development, October 1, 2007; 134(19): 3401 - 3411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M Clement, M. D Anway, M. Uzumcu, and M. K Skinner Regulation of the gonadal transcriptome during sex determination and testis morphogenesis: comparative candidate genes Reproduction, September 1, 2007; 134(3): 455 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Zhang, S. Jain, H. Song, M. Fu, R. O. Heuckeroth, J. M. Erlich, P. Y. Jay, and J. Milbrandt Mice lacking sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5B exhibit developmental abnormalities reminiscent of Cornelia de Lange syndrome Development, September 1, 2007; 134(17): 3191 - 3201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R Greenfeld, M. E Pepling, J. K Babus, P. A Furth, and J. A Flaws BAX regulates follicular endowment in mice Reproduction, May 1, 2007; 133(5): 865 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Alton and T. Taketo Switch from BAX-dependent to BAX-independent germ cell loss during the development of fetal mouse ovaries J. Cell Sci., February 1, 2007; 120(3): 417 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Furnes and J. Schimenti Fast forward to new genes in mammalian reproduction J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Aflatoonian and H. Moore Germ cells from mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Reproduction, November 1, 2006; 132(5): 699 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Yabuta, K. Kurimoto, Y. Ohinata, Y. Seki, and M. Saitou Gene Expression Dynamics During Germline Specification in Mice Identified by Quantitative Single-Cell Gene Expression Profiling Biol Reprod, November 1, 2006; 75(5): 705 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Coussens, Y. Yamazaki, S. Moisyadi, R. Suganuma, R. Yanagimachi, and R. Allsopp Regulation and Effects of Modulation of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression in Primordial Germ Cells During Development Biol Reprod, November 1, 2006; 75(5): 785 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Bosman, K. A. Lawson, J. Debruyn, L. Beek, A. Francis, L. Schoonjans, D. Huylebroeck, and A. Zwijsen Smad5 determines murine amnion fate through the control of bone morphogenetic protein expression and signalling levels Development, September 1, 2006; 133(17): 3399 - 3409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Maatouk, L. D. Kellam, M. R. W. Mann, H. Lei, E. Li, M. S. Bartolomei, and J. L. Resnick DNA methylation is a primary mechanism for silencing postmigratory primordial germ cell genes in both germ cell and somatic cell lineages Development, September 1, 2006; 133(17): 3411 - 3418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. B. Francis and C. W. Lo Primordial germ cell deficiency in the connexin 43 knockout mouse arises from apoptosis associated with abnormal p53 activation Development, September 1, 2006; 133(17): 3451 - 3460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Nikolettos, B. Asimakopoulos, and I. S. Papastefanou Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-An Assisted Reproduction Technique That Should Make Us Cautious About Imprinting Deregulation Reproductive Sciences, July 1, 2006; 13(5): 317 - 328. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. Furuta, H. Ema, S.-i. Takayanagi, T. Ogaeri, D. Okamura, Y. Matsui, and H. Nakauchi Discordant developmental waves of angioblasts and hemangioblasts in the early gastrulating mouse embryo. Development, July 1, 2006; 133(14): 2771 - 2779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. DiNapoli, J. Batchvarov, and B. Capel FGF9 promotes survival of germ cells in the fetal testis Development, April 15, 2006; 133(8): 1519 - 1527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jeanes, D. Wilhelm, M. J Wilson, J. Bowles, P. J McClive, A. H Sinclair, and P. Koopman Evaluation of candidate markers for the peritubular myoid cell lineage in the developing mouse testis Reproduction, October 1, 2005; 130(4): 509 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Mahakali Zama, F. P. Hudson III, and M. A. Bedell Analysis of Hypomorphic KitlSl Mutants Suggests Different Requirements for KITL in Proliferation and Migration of Mouse Primordial Germ Cells Biol Reprod, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 639 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P.A. van Bragt, N. Ciliberti, W. L. Stanford, D. G. de Rooij, and A. M.M. van Pelt LY6A/E (SCA-1) Expression in the Mouse Testis Biol Reprod, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 634 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Yamazaki, E. W. Low, Y. Marikawa, K. Iwahashi, M. S. Bartolomei, J. R. McCarrey, and R. Yanagimachi Adult mice cloned from migrating primordial germ cells PNAS, August 9, 2005; 102(32): 11361 - 11366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Keller Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine Genes & Dev., May 15, 2005; 19(10): 1129 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Vincent, N. R. Dunn, R. Sciammas, M. Shapiro-Shalef, M. M. Davis, K. Calame, E. K. Bikoff, and E. J. Robertson The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 is dispensable for early axis formation but is required for specification of primordial germ cells in the mouse Development, March 15, 2005; 132(6): 1315 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Allegrucci, A. Thurston, E. Lucas, and L. Young Epigenetics and the germline Reproduction, February 1, 2005; 129(2): 137 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Zwaka and J. A. Thomson A germ cell origin of embryonic stem cells? Development, January 15, 2005; 132(2): 227 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Jarvis, D. J. Elliott, D. Morgan, R. Winston, and C. Readhead Molecular markers for the assessment of postnatal male germ cell development in the mouse Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2005; 20(1): 108 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chuma, M. Kanatsu-Shinohara, K. Inoue, N. Ogonuki, H. Miki, S. Toyokuni, M. Hosokawa, N. Nakatsuji, A. Ogura, and T. Shinohara Spermatogenesis from epiblast and primordial germ cells following transplantation into postnatal mouse testis Development, January 1, 2005; 132(1): 117 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. C. de Sousa Lopes, B. A.J. Roelen, R. M. Monteiro, R. Emmens, H. Y. Lin, E. Li, K. A. Lawson, and C. L. Mummery BMP signaling mediated by ALK2 in the visceral endoderm is necessary for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo Genes & Dev., August 1, 2004; 18(15): 1838 - 1849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Santos and W. Dean Epigenetic reprogramming during early development in mammals Reproduction, June 1, 2004; 127(6): 643 - 651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ohta, T. Wakayama, and Y. Nishimune Commitment of Fetal Male Germ Cells to Spermatogonial Stem Cells During Mouse Embryonic Development Biol Reprod, May 1, 2004; 70(5): 1286 - 1291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Rodriguez, D. B. Sparrow, A. N. Scott, S. L. Withington, J. I. Preis, J. Michalicek, M. Clements, T. E. Tsang, T. Shioda, R. S. P. Beddington, et al. Cited1 Is Required in Trophoblasts for Placental Development and for Embryo Growth and Survival Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2004; 24(1): 228 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Downs, E. R. Hellman, J. McHugh, K. Barrickman, and K. E. Inman Investigation into a role for the primitive streak in development of the murine allantois Development, January 1, 2004; 131(1): 37 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Okamura, T. Kimura, T. Nakano, and Y. Matsui Cadherin-mediated cell interaction regulates germ cell determination in mice Development, December 29, 2003; 130(26): 6423 - 6430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Extavour and M. Akam Mechanisms of germ cell specification across the metazoans: epigenesis and preformation Development, December 15, 2003; 130(24): 5869 - 5884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Cairns, E. Moroni, E. Levantini, A. Giorgetti, F. G. Klinger, S. Ronzoni, L. Tatangelo, C. Tiveron, M. De Felici, S. Dolci, et al. Kit regulatory elements required for expression in developing hematopoietic and germ cell lineages Blood, December 1, 2003; 102(12): 3954 - 3962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Toyooka, N. Tsunekawa, R. Akasu, and T. Noce Embryonic stem cells can form germ cells in vitro PNAS, September 30, 2003; 100(20): 11457 - 11462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Molyneaux, H. Zinszner, P. S. Kunwar, K. Schaible, J. Stebler, M. J. Sunshine, W. O'Brien, E. Raz, D. Littman, C. Wylie, et al. The chemokine SDF1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate mouse germ cell migration and survival Development, September 15, 2003; 130(18): 4279 - 4286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C.Y. Wong, N. Alon, C. Mckerlie, J. R. Huang, M. S. Meyn, and M. Buchwald Targeted disruption of exons 1 to 6 of the Fanconi Anemia group A gene leads to growth retardation, strain-specific microphthalmia, meiotic defects and primordial germ cell hypoplasia Hum. Mol. Genet., August 15, 2003; 12(16): 2063 - 2076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Lu and C. E. Bishop Late Onset of Spermatogenesis and Gain of Fertility in POG-Deficient Mice Indicate that POG Is Not Necessary for the Proliferation of Spermatogonia Biol Reprod, July 1, 2003; 69(1): 161 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Ara, Y. Nakamura, T. Egawa, T. Sugiyama, K. Abe, T. Kishimoto, Y. Matsui, and T. Nagasawa Impaired colonization of the gonads by primordial germ cells in mice lacking a chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) PNAS, April 29, 2003; 100(9): 5319 - 5323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Lu and C. E. Bishop Mouse GGN1 and GGN3, Two Germ Cell-specific Proteins from the Single Gene Ggn, Interact with Mouse POG and Play a Role in Spermatogenesis J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 16289 - 16296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. D. Cunto, S. Imarisio, P. Camera, C. Boitani, F. Altruda, and L. Silengo Essential role of citron kinase in cytokinesis of spermatogenic precursors J. Cell Sci., March 14, 2003; 115(24): 4819 - 4826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chang, C. W. Brown, and M. M. Matzuk Genetic Analysis of the Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Superfamily Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2002; 23(6): 787 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. I. Agoulnik, B. Lu, Q. Zhu, C. Truong, M. T. Ty, N. Arango, K. K. Chada, and C. E. Bishop A novel gene, Pog, is necessary for primordial germ cell proliferation in the mouse and underlies the germ cell deficient mutation, gcd Hum. Mol. Genet., November 15, 2002; 11(24): 3047 - 3053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Orwig, B.-Y. Ryu, M. R. Avarbock, and R. L. Brinster Male germ-line stem cell potential is predicted by morphology of cells in neonatal rat testes PNAS, September 3, 2002; 99(18): 11706 - 11711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Uzumcu, K. A. Dirks, and M. K. Skinner Inhibition of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Actions in the Embryonic Testis Influences Normal Cord Development and Morphology Biol Reprod, March 1, 2002; 66(3): 745 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Tilmann and B. Capel Cellular and Molecular Pathways Regulating Mammalian Sex Determination Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2002; 57(1): 1 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. D. Tremblay, N. R. Dunn, and E. J. Robertson Mouse embryos lacking Smad1 signals display defects in extra-embryonic tissues and germ cell formation Development, September 15, 2001; 128(18): 3609 - 3621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Ying, X. Qi, and G.-Q. Zhao Induction of primordial germ cells from murine epiblasts by synergistic action of BMP4 and BMP8B signaling pathways PNAS, June 20, 2001; (2001) 151242798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Yoshimizu, M Obinata, and Y Matsui Stage-specific tissue and cell interactions play key roles in mouse germ cell specification Development, January 2, 2001; 128(4): 481 - 490. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. F. Erickson Role of Growth Factors in Ovary Organogenesis Reproductive Sciences, January 1, 2001; 8(1_suppl): S13 - S16. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Nef and L. F. Parada Hormones in male sexual development Genes & Dev., December 15, 2000; 14(24): 3075 - 3086. [Full Text]

				B. S. Heyer, A. MacAuley, O. Behrendtsen, and Z. Werb Hypersensitivity to DNA damage leads to increased apoptosis during early mouse development Genes & Dev., August 15, 2000; 14(16): 2072 - 2084. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. B. Rucker III, P. Dierisseau, K.-U. Wagner, L. Garrett, A. Wynshaw-Boris, J. A. Flaws, and L. Hennighausen Bcl-x and Bax Regulate Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Survival and Apoptosis during Embryogenesis Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2000; 14(7): 1038 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Ying, X.-M. Liu, A. Marble, K. A. Lawson, and G.-Q. Zhao Requirement of Bmp8b for the Generation of Primordial Germ Cells in the Mouse Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2000; 14(7): 1053 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. S. Tanaka, Y. Toyooka, R. Akasu, Y. Katoh-Fukui, Y. Nakahara, R. Suzuki, M. Yokoyama, and T. Noce The mouse homolog of Drosophila Vasa is required for the development of male germ cells Genes & Dev., April 1, 2000; 14(7): 841 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. J. Richards, G. C. Enders, and J. L. Resnick Differentiation of Murine Premigratory Primordial Germ Cells in Culture Biol Reprod, October 1, 1999; 61(4): 1146 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Goto, J. Adjaye, C. H. Rodeck, and M. Monk Identification of genes expressed in human primordial germ cells at the time of entry of the female germ line into meiosis Mol. Hum. Reprod., September 1, 1999; 5(9): 851 - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Sun, E. N. Meyers, M. Lewandoski, and G. R. Martin Targeted disruption of Fgf8 causes failure of cell migration in the gastrulating mouse embryo Genes & Dev., July 15, 1999; 13(14): 1834 - 1846. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R.G. Edwards and H. K. Beard Hypothesis: sex determination and germline formation are committed at the pronucleate stage in mammalian embryos Mol. Hum. Reprod., July 1, 1999; 5(7): 595 - 606. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Juneja, K. J. Barr, G. C. Enders, and G. M. Kidder Defects in the Germ Line and Gonads of Mice Lacking Connexin43 Biol Reprod, May 1, 1999; 60(5): 1263 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Swain and R. Lovell-Badge Mammalian sex determination: a molecular drama Genes & Dev., April 1, 1999; 13(7): 755 - 767. [Full Text]

				K. A. Lawson, N. R. Dunn, B. A.J. Roelen, L. M. Zeinstra, A. M. Davis, C. V.E. Wright, J. P.W.F.M. Korving, and B. L.M. Hogan Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo Genes & Dev., February 15, 1999; 13(4): 424 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J Rathjen, J. Lake, M. Bettess, J. Washington, G Chapman, and P. Rathjen Formation of a primitive ectoderm like cell population, EPL cells, from ES cells in response to biologically derived factors J. Cell Sci., January 3, 1999; 112(5): 601 - 612. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. L. Resnick, M. Ortiz, J. R. Keller, and P. J. Donovan Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Growth Biol Reprod, November 1, 1998; 59(5): 1224 - 1229. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. R. P. Beck, I. J. Miller, P. Anderson, and M. Streuli RNA-binding protein TIAR is essential for primordial germ cell development PNAS, March 3, 1998; 95(5): 2331 - 2336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Pepling and A. Spradling Female mouse germ cells form synchronously dividing cysts Development, January 9, 1998; 125(17): 3323 - 3328. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Heikinheimo, M. Ermolaeva, M. Bielinska, N. A. Rahman, N. Narita, I. T. Huhtaniemi, J. S. Tapanainen, and D. B. Wilson Expression and Hormonal Regulation of Transcription Factors GATA-4 and GATA-6 in the Mouse Ovary Endocrinology, August 1, 1997; 138(8): 3505 - 3514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. I. Garcia-Castro, R. Anderson, J. Heasman, and C. Wylie Interactions between Germ Cells and Extracellular Matrix Glycoproteins during Migration and Gonad Assembly in the Mouse Embryo J. Cell Biol., July 28, 1997; 138(2): 471 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y Saga, N Hata, S Kobayashi, T Magnuson, M. Seldin, and M. Taketo MesP1: a novel basic helix-loop-helix protein expressed in the nascent mesodermal cells during mouse gastrulation Development, January 9, 1996; 122(9): 2769 - 2778. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y. Yeom, G Fuhrmann, C. Ovitt, A Brehm, K Ohbo, M Gross, K Hubner, and H. Scholer Germline regulatory element of Oct-4 specific for the totipotent cycle of embryonal cells Development, January 3, 1996; 122(3): 881 - 894. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P E Szabo and J R Mann Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in the mouse germ line: implications for erasure, establishment, and mechanisms of genomic imprinting. Genes & Dev., August 1, 1995; 9(15): 1857 - 1868. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. MacGregor, B. Zambrowicz, and P Soriano Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase is expressed in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages during mouse embryogenesis but is not required for migration of primordial germ cells Development, January 5, 1995; 121(5): 1487 - 1496. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C Faust, A Schumacher, B Holdener, and T Magnuson The eed mutation disrupts anterior mesoderm production in mice Development, January 2, 1995; 121(2): 273 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L Cheng, D. Gearing, L. White, D. Compton, K Schooley, and P. Donovan Role of leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor in mouse primordial germ cell growth Development, January 11, 1994; 120(11): 3145 - 3153. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. Labosky, D. Barlow, and B. Hogan Mouse embryonic germ (EG) cell lines: transmission through the germline and differences in the methylation imprint of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (Igf2r) gene compared with embryonic stem (ES) cell lines Development, January 11, 1994; 120(11): 3197 - 3204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. Tam, S. Zhou, and S. Tan X-chromosome activity of the mouse primordial germ cells revealed by the expression of an X-linked lacZ transgene Development, January 10, 1994; 120(10): 2925 - 2932. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M Gomperts, M Garcia-Castro, C Wylie, and J Heasman Interactions between primordial germ cells play a role in their migration in mouse embryos Development, January 1, 1994; 120(1): 135 - 141. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C I Brannan, M A Bedell, J L Resnick, J J Eppig, M A Handel, D E Williams, S D Lyman, P J Donovan, N A Jenkins, and N G Copeland Developmental abnormalities in Steel17H mice result from a splicing defect in the steel factor cytoplasmic tail. Genes & Dev., October 1, 1992; 6(10): 1832 - 1842. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S Narisawa, M. Hofmann, C. Ziomek, and J. Millan Embryonic alkaline phosphatase is expressed at M-phase in the spermatogenic lineage of the mouse Development, January 9, 1992; 116(1): 159 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y. Ying, X. Qi, and G.-Q. Zhao Induction of primordial germ cells from murine epiblasts by synergistic action of BMP4 and BMP8B signaling pathways PNAS, July 3, 2001; 98(14): 7858 - 7862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]