|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Development, Vol 111, Issue 1 105-115, Copyright © 1991 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
C Ayer-le Lievre, PA Stahlbom and VR Sara
Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are present in the brain during development, with high levels of both being also found in the periphery particularly in the embryo. IGFs in the brain are believed to stimulate the proliferation of neuronal and glial precursors and their phenotypic differentiation. Using in situ hybridization, we have investigated the distribution of cells producing IGF-I and -II in the rat fetus during the second half of prenatal development with special emphasis on the peripheral and central nervous system. High levels of IGF-I mRNA were found in the olfactory bulb and in discrete neurons of the cranial sensory ganglia, notably in the trigeminal ganglion, as early as 13 days of gestation, in the pineal primordium of 18 day old fetuses, and in discrete groups of cells in the cochlear epithelium located laterally outside the forming spiral organ, in day 13 to 21 fetuses. High levels of IGF-II mRNA in the brain, besides the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges, were detected in hypothalamus, in the floor of the 3rd ventricle at all stages studied, in the pineal primordium at 18 days and in the pars intermedia of the pituitary or in the Rathke's pouch epithelium from which it is derived, with progressive fading towards the end of the gestation. In the peripheral nervous system the IGF-II mRNA was only found in association with the vascular endothelia of the ganglia. IGF-II mRNA in the nervous system was found in highly vascularized areas, meninges, blood vessels and choroid plexuses. It is thus associated with structures involved in the production of extracellular fluids and/or substrate transport and supply in the nervous tissues. A more specific role in the differentiation or fetal endocrine function should be considered for IGF-II in cells producing melatonin and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in the pineal and pituitary glands, respectively. The presence of IGF-I mRNA in the nervous system could be associated with fiber outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the cases of olfactory bulb and developing iris. The role of IGF-I in restricted populations of cells of the cochlear epithelium and in the pineal gland is unclear and requires further investigations including a search for IGF-I receptors in possible target cells. In the sensory ganglia, the presence of high levels of IGF-I mRNA eventually corresponds to the production, by post-translational processing, of the amino-terminal tripeptide of IGF-I, which might represent a neurotransmitter for these sensory neurons.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  V. C. Russo, P. D. Gluckman, E. L. Feldman, and G. A. Werther The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System and Its Pleiotropic Functions in Brain Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2005; 26(7): 916 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Hodge, A. J. D'Ercole, and J. R. O'Kusky Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Accelerates the Cell Cycle by Decreasing G1 Phase Length and Increases Cell Cycle Reentry in the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex J. Neurosci., November 10, 2004; 24(45): 10201 - 10210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Ly, H T Duc, M Kalamarides, L A Trojan, Y Pan, A Shevelev, J-C Francois, T Noel, A Kane, D Henin, et al. Human glioma cells transformed by IGF-I triple helix technology show immune and apoptotic characteristics determining cell selection for gene therapy of glioblastoma Mol. Pathol., August 1, 2001; 54(4): 230 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A B Ballinger, O Azooz, T El-Haj, S Poole, and M J G Farthing Growth failure occurs through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 which is independent of undernutrition in a rat model of colitis Gut, May 1, 2000; 46(5): 695 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Yakar, J.-L. Liu, B. Stannard, A. Butler, D. Accili, B. Sauer, and D. LeRoith Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I PNAS, June 22, 1999; 96(13): 7324 - 7329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Syroid, T. S. Zorick, C. Arbet-Engels, T. J. Kilpatrick, W. Eckhart, and G. Lemke A Role for Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Regulation of Schwann Cell Survival J. Neurosci., March 15, 1999; 19(6): 2059 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Bradshaw, A. J. D’Ercole, and V. K. M. Han Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-2 in C6 Glioma Cells Results in Conditional Alteration of Cellular Growth Endocrinology, February 1, 1999; 140(2): 575 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Walter, M. Berry, D. J. Hill, S. Cwyfan-Hughes, J. M. P. Holly, and A. Logan Distinct Sites of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-II Expression and Localization in Lesioned Rat Brain: Possible Roles of IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) in the Mediation of IGF-II Activity Endocrinology, January 1, 1999; 140(1): 520 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Cheng, G. Joncas, R. R. Reinhardt, R. Farrer, R. Quarles, J. Janssen, M. P. McDonald, J. N. Crawley, L. Powell-Braxton, and C. A. Bondy Biochemical and Morphometric Analyses Show that Myelination in the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Null Brain Is Proportionate to Its Neuronal Composition J. Neurosci., August 1, 1998; 18(15): 5673 - 5681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Holzenberger, E. D. Jarvis, C. Chong, M. Grossman, F. Nottebohm, and C. Scharff Selective Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in the Songbird Brain J. Neurosci., September 15, 1997; 17(18): 6974 - 6987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Zhen, M. Zakaria, A. Wolfe, and S. Radovick Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Gene Expression by Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in a Cultured GnRH-Expressing Neuronal Cell Line Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 1997; 11(8): 1145 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Chik, B. Li, E. Karpinski, and A. K. Ho Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Inhibit the L-Type Calcium Channel Current in Rat Pinealocytes Endocrinology, May 1, 1997; 138(5): 2033 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lim, H. Zhou, and R. H. Costa The winged helix transcription factor HFH-4 is expressed during choroid plexus epithelial development in the mouse embryo PNAS, April 1, 1997; 94(7): 3094 - 3099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Ohlsson, F Hedborg, L Holmgren, C Walsh, and T. Ekstrom Overlapping patterns of IGF2 and H19 expression during human development: biallelic IGF2 expression correlates with a lack of H19 expression Development, January 2, 1994; 120(2): 361 - 368. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
