Development, Vol 117, Issue 1 29-43, Copyright © 1993 by Company of Biologists

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Programmed cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis

JM Abrams, K White, LI Fessler and H Steller
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.

The deliberate and orderly removal of cells by programmed cell death is a common phenomenon during the development of metazoan animals. We have examined the distribution and ultrastructural appearance of cell deaths that occur during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. A large number of cells die during embryonic development in Drosophila. These cells display ultrastructural features that resemble apoptosis observed in vertebrate systems, including nuclear condensation, fragmentation and engulfment by macrophages. Programmed cell deaths can be rapidly and reliably visualized in living wild-type and mutant Drosophila embryos using the vital dyes acridine orange or nile blue. Acridine orange appears to selectively stain apoptotic forms of death in these preparations, since cells undergoing necrotic deaths were not significantly labelled. Likewise, toluidine blue staining of fixed tissues resulted in highly specific labelling of apoptotic cells, indicating that apoptosis leads to specific biochemical changes responsible for the selective affinity to these dyes. Cell death begins at stage 11 (approximately 7 hours) of embryogenesis and thereafter becomes widespread, affecting many different tissues and regions of the embryo. Although the distribution of dying cells changes drastically over time, the overall pattern of cell death is highly reproducible for any given developmental stage. Detailed analysis of cell death in the central nervous system of stage 16 embryos (13-16 hours) revealed asymmetries in the exact number and position of dying cells on either side of the midline, suggesting that the decision to die may not be strictly predetermined at this stage. This work provides the basis for further molecular genetic studies on the control and execution of programmed cell death in Drosophila.
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				S. J. Padayatty, M. Marcelli, T. C. Shao, and G. R. Cunningham Lovastatin-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Stromal Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1997; 82(5): 1434 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. B. Paumen, Y. Ishida, M. Muramatsu, M. Yamamoto, and T. Honjo Inhibition of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Augments Sphingolipid Synthesis and Palmitate-induced Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 1997; 272(6): 3324 - 3329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C Jiang, E. Baehrecke, and C. Thummel Steroid regulated programmed cell death during Drosophila metamorphosis Development, January 11, 1997; 124(22): 4673 - 4683. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M L Allende, A Amsterdam, T Becker, K Kawakami, N Gaiano, and N Hopkins Insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish identifies two novel genes, pescadillo and dead eye, essential for embryonic development. Genes & Dev., December 15, 1996; 10(24): 3141 - 3155. [Abstract] [PDF]