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Development, Vol 124, Issue 19 3835-3844, Copyright © 1997 by Company of Biologists

JOURNAL ARTICLES

LEAFY expression and flower initiation in Arabidopsis

MA Blazquez, LN Soowal, I Lee and D Weigel
Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

During the initial vegetative phase, the Arabidopsis shoot meristem produces leaves with associated lateral shoots at its flanks, while the later reproductive phase is characterized by the formation of flowers. The LEAFY gene is an important element of the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, as LEAFY is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of individual flowers. We have analyzed in detail the expression of LEAFY during the plant life cycle, and found that LEAFY is extensively expressed during the vegetative phase. In long days, Arabidopsis plants flower soon after germination, and this is paralleled by rapid upregulation of LEAFY. In short days, Arabidopsis plants flower several weeks later than in long days, but LEAFY expression increases gradually before flowering commences. Application of the plant hormone gibberellin, which hastens flowering in short days, enhances the gradual change in LEAFY expression observed in short days. Changes in LEAFY expression before the transition to flowering suggest that the time point of this transition is at least partly controlled by the levels of LEAFY activity that are prevalent at a given time of the life cycle. This assumption is borne out by the finding that increasing the copy number of endogenous LEAFY reduces the number of leaves produced before the first flower is formed. Thus, LEAFY combines properties of flowering-time and flower-meristem-identity genes, indicating that LEAFY is a direct link between the global process of floral induction and the regional events associated with the initiation of individual flowers.
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G. G. Simpson and C. Dean
Environmental-Dependent Acceleration of a Developmental Switch: The Floral Transition
Sci. Signal., February 8, 2000; 2000(18): pe1 - pe1.
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 DevelopmentHome page
P. Springer, D. Holding, A Groover, C Yordan, and R. Martienssen
The essential Mcm7 protein PROLIFERA is localized to the nucleus of dividing cells during the G(1) phase and is required maternally for early Arabidopsis development
Development, January 5, 2000; 127(9): 1815 - 1822.
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C Ferrandiz, Q Gu, R Martienssen, and M. Yanofsky
Redundant regulation of meristem identity and plant architecture by FRUITFULL, APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER
Development, January 2, 2000; 127(4): 725 - 734.
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I. Kardailsky, V. K. Shukla, J. H. Ahn, N. Dagenais, S. K. Christensen, J. T. Nguyen, J. Chory, M. J. Harrison, and D. Weigel
Activation Tagging of the Floral Inducer FT
Science, December 3, 1999; 286(5446): 1962 - 1965.
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 Plant Physiol.Home page
M. A. Blázquez and D. Weigel
Independent Regulation of Flowering by Phytochrome B and Gibberellins in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, August 1, 1999; 120(4): 1025 - 1032.
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D. Wagner, R. W. Sablowski, and E. M. Meyerowitz
Transcriptional Activation of APETALA1 by LEAFY
Science, July 23, 1999; 285(5427): 582 - 584.
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M. A. Busch, K. Bomblies, and D. Weigel
Activation of a Floral Homeotic Gene in Arabidopsis
Science, July 23, 1999; 285(5427): 585 - 587.
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 Plant CellHome page
S. J. Liljegren, C. Gustafson-Brown, A. Pinyopich, G. S. Ditta, and M. F. Yanofsky
Interactions among APETALA1, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWER1 Specify Meristem Fate
PLANT CELL, June 1, 1999; 11(6): 1007 - 1018.
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G. F.W. Gocal, A. T. Poole, F. Gubler, R. J. Watts, C. Blundell, and R. W. King
Long-Day Up-Regulation of a GAMYB Gene during Lolium temulentum Inflorescence Formation
Plant Physiology, April 1, 1999; 119(4): 1271 - 1278.
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 DevelopmentHome page
T. Mockler, H Guo, H Yang, H Duong, and C Lin
Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction
Development, January 5, 1999; 126(10): 2073 - 2082.
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O. Ratcliffe, D. Bradley, and E. Coen
Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis
Development, January 3, 1999; 126(6): 1109 - 1120.
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S. Pouteau, F. Tooke, and N. Battey
Quantitative Control of Inflorescence Formation in Impatiens balsamina
Plant Physiology, December 1, 1998; 118(4): 1191 - 1201.
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F. D. Hempel, P. C. Zambryski, and L. J. Feldman
Photoinduction of Flower Identity in Vegetatively Biased Primordia
PLANT CELL, October 1, 1998; 10(10): 1663 - 1676.
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O. Nilsson, I. Lee, M. A. Blázquez, and D. Weigel
Flowering-Time Genes Modulate the Response to LEAFY Activity
Genetics, September 1, 1998; 150(1): 403 - 410.
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A. Mouradov, T. Glassick, B. Hamdorf, L. Murphy, B. Fowler, S. Marla, and R. D. Teasdale
NEEDLY, a Pinus radiata ortholog of FLORICAULA/LEAFY genes, expressed in both reproductive and vegetative meristems
PNAS, May 26, 1998; 95(11): 6537 - 6542.
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 Plant CellHome page
M. A. Blazquez, R. Green, O. Nilsson, M. R. Sussman, and D. Weigel
Gibberellins Promote Flowering of Arabidopsis by Activating the LEAFY Promoter
PLANT CELL, May 1, 1998; 10(5): 791 - 800.
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M. Pineiro and G. Coupland
The Control of Flowering Time and Floral Identity in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, May 1, 1998; 117(1): 1 - 8.
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C. B. Taylor
GA Signaling: Genes and GTPases
PLANT CELL, February 1, 1998; 10(2): 131 - 134.
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L Pnueli, L Carmel-Goren, D Hareven, T Gutfinger, J Alvarez, M Ganal, D Zamir, and E Lifschitz
The SELF-PRUNING gene of tomato regulates vegetative to reproductive switching of sympodial meristems and is the ortholog of CEN and TFL1
Development, January 6, 1998; 125(11): 1979 - 1989.
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A Telfer and R. Poethig
HASTY: a gene that regulates the timing of shoot maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Development, January 5, 1998; 125(10): 1889 - 1898.
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F. Hempel, D Weigel, M. Mandel, G Ditta, P. Zambryski, L. Feldman, and M. Yanofsky
Floral determination and expression of floral regulatory genes in Arabidopsis
Development, January 10, 1997; 124(19): 3845 - 3853.
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