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The Handlebars gene is required with Phantastica for dorsoventral asymmetry of organs and for stem cell activity in Antirrhinum

Richard Waites^*, and Andrew Hudson

University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
Present address: Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK

*Author for correspondence (e-mail: rw18{at}york.ac.uk)

Accepted February 13, 2001

In angiosperms, individual lateral organs and whole flowers may develop asymmetrically along their dorsoventral axes. Dorsoventral asymmetry of Antirrhinum leaves requires activity of the Phantastica gene and other factors acting redundantly with it. We describe the effects of a mutation in the Handlebars gene, identified as an enhancer of the phantastica mutant phenotype. Genetic analysis suggests that Handlebars functions redundantly with Phantastica to promote dorsal fate in lateral organs and to maintain activity of stem cells within shoot apical meristems. Handlebars appears dispensable in vegetative development but is needed for asymmetry of petals along the dorsoventral axis of the flower as a whole. This suggests that common mechanisms may control dorsoventral asymmetry in lateral organ primordia and in floral meristems.

Key words: Antirrhinum majus, dorsoventrality, shoot apical meristem, Phantastica, Handlebars

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