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1
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of
California, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
2
Affymax Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
3
Department of Anatomy, Box 0750, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
*
Present address: Biomedical and Research Development Department, Sumitomo
Electric Industries, Yokohama 244, Japan
Present address: Department for Basic Research, Center for Clinical and Basic
Research, Ballerup Byvej 222, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
Author for correspondence (e-mail:
mjbissell{at}lbl.gov
)
Accepted 16 May 2001
The mammary gland develops its adult form by a process referred to as branching morphogenesis. Many factors have been reported to affect this process. We have used cultured primary mammary epithelial organoids and mammary epithelial cell lines in three-dimensional collagen gels to elucidate which growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mammary morphogens interact in branching morphogenesis. Branching stimulated by stromal fibroblasts, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 7, fibroblast growth factor 2 and hepatocyte growth factor was strongly reduced by inhibitors of MMPs, indicating the requirement of MMPs for three-dimensional growth involved in morphogenesis. Recombinant stromelysin 1/MMP3 alone was sufficient to drive branching in the absence of growth factors in the organoids. Plasmin also stimulated branching; however, plasmin-dependent branching was abolished by both inhibitors of plasmin and MMPs, suggesting that plasmin activates MMPs. To differentiate between signals for proliferation and morphogenesis, we used a cloned mammary epithelial cell line that lacks epimorphin, an essential mammary morphogen. Both epimorphin and MMPs were required for morphogenesis, but neither was required for epithelial cell proliferation. These results provide direct evidence for a crucial role of MMPs in branching in mammary epithelium and suggest that, in addition to epimorphin, MMP activity is a minimum requirement for branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland.
Key words: Branching morphogenesis, Mammary gland, Stromelysin 1, Epimorphin, Plasminogen, Stromal/epithelial interactions, Mouse
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