|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
REVIEW ARTICLE |
1 Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
2 Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA
*Author for correspondence (e-mail: gepangan{at}facstaff.wisc.edu)
Accepted 5 July 2002
Distal-less is the earliest known gene specifically expressed in developing insect limbs; its expression is maintained throughout limb development. The homeodomain transcription factor encoded by Distal-less is required for the elaboration of proximodistal pattern elements in Drosophila limbs and can initiate proximodistal axis formation when expressed ectopically. Distal-less homologs, the Dlx genes, are expressed in developing appendages in at least six phyla, including chordates, consistent with requirements for Dlx function in normal appendage development across the animal kingdom. Recent work implicates the Dlx genes of vertebrates in a variety of other developmental processes ranging from neurogenesis to hematopoiesis. We review what is known about the invertebrate and vertebrate Dll/Dlx genes and their varied roles during development. We propose revising the vertebrate nomenclature to reflect phylogenetic relationships among the Dlx genes.
Key words: Distal-less, Dlx, extradenticle, homothorax, Meis, Msx, Pbx, Antenna, Audition, Brain, Branchial arch, Dentition, Ear, Hematopoiesis, Interneuron, Leg, Limb, Neural crest, Neural tube, Olfaction, Placode, Telencephalon, Tooth, Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO), Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM), GABAergic, Otic
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Ezashi, P. Das, R. Gupta, A. Walker, and R. M. Roberts The Role of Homeobox Protein Distal-Less 3 and Its Interaction with ETS2 in Regulating Bovine Interferon-Tau Gene Expression-Synergistic Transcriptional Activation with ETS2 Biol Reprod, July 1, 2008; 79(1): 115 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Krishna-K, M. Nuernberger, F. Weth, and C. Redies Layer-Specific Expression of Multiple Cadherins in the Developing Visual Cortex (V1) of the Ferret Cereb Cortex, June 4, 2008; (2008) bhn090v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Lo Iacono, S. Mantero, A. Chiarelli, E. Garcia, A. A. Mills, M. I. Morasso, A. Costanzo, G. Levi, L. Guerrini, and G. R. Merlo Regulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 gene expression by p63 is involved in EEC and SHFM congenital limb defects Development, April 1, 2008; 135(7): 1377 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. F. Kelleher, C. E. de Carvalho, A. V. Doty, M. Layton, A. T. Cheng, L. D. Mathies, D. Pilgrim, and E. S. Haag Comparative Genetics of Sex Determination: Masculinizing Mutations in Caenorhabditis briggsae Genetics, March 1, 2008; 178(3): 1415 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. de Melo, Q.-P. Zhou, Q. Zhang, S. Zhang, M. Fonseca, J. T. Wigle, and D. D. Eisenstat Dlx2 homeobox gene transcriptional regulation of Trkb neurotrophin receptor expression during mouse retinal development Nucleic Acids Res., February 11, 2008; 36(3): 872 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. N. Le, G. Du, M. Fonseca, Q.-P. Zhou, J. T. Wigle, and D. D. Eisenstat Dlx Homeobox Genes Promote Cortical Interneuron Migration from the Basal Forebrain by Direct Repression of the Semaphorin Receptor Neuropilin-2 J. Biol. Chem., June 29, 2007; 282(26): 19071 - 19081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ghanem, M. Yu, J. Long, G. Hatch, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and M. Ekker Distinct cis-Regulatory Elements from the Dlx1/Dlx2 Locus Mark Different Progenitor Cell Populations in the Ganglionic Eminences and Different Subtypes of Adult Cortical Interneurons J. Neurosci., May 9, 2007; 27(19): 5012 - 5022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Hara, S. Samuel, J. Liu, D. Rosen, R. R. Langley, and H. Naora A Homeobox Gene Related to Drosophila Distal-Less Promotes Ovarian Tumorigenicity by Inducing Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2007; 170(5): 1594 - 1606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Poitras, N. Ghanem, G. Hatch, and M. Ekker The proneural determinant MASH1 regulates forebrain Dlx1/2 expression through the I12b intergenic enhancer Development, May 1, 2007; 134(9): 1755 - 1765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Radoja, L. Guerrini, N. Lo Iacono, G. R. Merlo, A. Costanzo, W. C. Weinberg, G. La Mantia, V. Calabro, and M. I. Morasso Homeobox gene Dlx3 is regulated by p63 during ectoderm development: relevance in the pathogenesis of ectodermal dysplasias Development, January 1, 2007; 134(1): 13 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. R. Jackman and D. W. Stock Transgenic analysis of Dlx regulation in fish tooth development reveals evolutionary retention of enhancer function despite organ loss PNAS, December 19, 2006; 103(51): 19390 - 19395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Shamovsky and E. Nudler Gene Control by Large Noncoding RNAs Sci. Signal., October 3, 2006; 2006(355): pe40 - pe40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. O. Moldin, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and S. E. Hyman Can autism speak to neuroscience? J. Neurosci., June 28, 2006; 26(26): 6893 - 6896. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Feng, C. Bi, B. S. Clark, R. Mady, P. Shah, and J. D. Kohtz The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator Genes & Dev., June 1, 2006; 20(11): 1470 - 1484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kuwajima, I. Nishimura, and K. Yoshikawa Necdin promotes GABAergic neuron differentiation in cooperation with Dlx homeodomain proteins. J. Neurosci., May 17, 2006; 26(20): 5383 - 5392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-G. Chen, Q. Wang, S.-L. Lin, C. D. Chang, J. Chung, and S.-Y. Ying Activin Signaling and Its Role in Regulation of Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Carcinogenesis. Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2006; 231(5): 534 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Johnston, M. E. Blue, and S. Naidu Rett Syndrome and Neuronal Development J Child Neurol, September 1, 2005; 20(9): 759 - 763. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. V. Johnston, M. E. Blue, and S. Naidu Rett Syndrome and Neuronal Development J Child Neurol, August 1, 2005; 20(8): 759 - 763. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Riccomagno, S. Takada, and D. J. Epstein Wnt-dependent regulation of inner ear morphogenesis is balanced by the opposing and supporting roles of Shh Genes & Dev., July 1, 2005; 19(13): 1612 - 1623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Givens, N. Rave-Harel, V. D. Goonewardena, R. Kurotani, S. E. Berdy, C. H. Swan, J. L. R. Rubenstein, B. Robert, and P. L. Mellon Developmental Regulation of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Gene Expression by the MSX and DLX Homeodomain Protein Families J. Biol. Chem., May 13, 2005; 280(19): 19156 - 19165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Tao, E. Kuliyev, X. Wang, X. Li, T. Wilanowski, S. M. Jane, P. E. Mead, and J. M. Cunningham BMP4-dependent expression of Xenopus Grainyhead-like 1 is essential for epidermal differentiation Development, March 1, 2005; 132(5): 1021 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Stock The Dlx Gene Complement of the Leopard Shark, Triakis semifasciata, Resembles That of Mammals: Implications for Genomic and Morphological Evolution of Jawed Vertebrates Genetics, February 1, 2005; 169(2): 807 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. de Melo, G. Du, M. Fonseca, L.-A. Gillespie, W. J. Turk, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and D. D. Eisenstat Dlx1 and Dlx2 function is necessary for terminal differentiation and survival of late-born retinal ganglion cells in the developing mouse retina Development, January 15, 2005; 132(2): 311 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. REHMSMEIER, P. STEFFEN, M. HOCHSMANN, and R. GIEGERICH Fast and effective prediction of microRNA/target duplexes RNA, October 20, 2004; 10(10): 1507 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Q. Hassan, A. Javed, M. I. Morasso, J. Karlin, M. Montecino, A. J. van Wijnen, G. S. Stein, J. L. Stein, and J. B. Lian Dlx3 Transcriptional Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation: Temporal Recruitment of Msx2, Dlx3, and Dlx5 Homeodomain Proteins to Chromatin of the Osteocalcin Gene Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2004; 24(20): 9248 - 9261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Meshorer, D. Toiber, D. Zurel, I. Sahly, A. Dori, E. Cagnano, L. Schreiber, D. Grisaru, F. Tronche, and H. Soreq Combinatorial Complexity of 5' Alternative Acetylcholinesterase Transcripts and Protein Products J. Biol. Chem., July 9, 2004; 279(28): 29740 - 29751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Hohenstein and D. H. Shain Changes in Gene Expression at the Precursor -> Stem Cell Transition in Leech Stem Cells, July 1, 2004; 22(4): 514 - 521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Aguirre, R. Chittajallu, S. Belachew, and V. Gallo NG2-expressing cells in the subventricular zone are type C-like cells and contribute to interneuron generation in the postnatal hippocampus J. Cell Biol., May 24, 2004; 165(4): 575 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Mu, P. D. Beremand, S. Zhao, R. Pershad, H. Sun, A. Scarpa, S. Liang, T. L. Thomas, and W. H. Klein Discrete gene sets depend on POU domain transcription factor Brn3b/Brn-3.2/POU4f2 for their expression in the mouse embryonic retina Development, March 15, 2004; 131(6): 1197 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q.-P. Zhou, T. N. Le, X. Qiu, V. Spencer, J. de Melo, G. Du, M. Plews, M. Fonseca, J. M. Sun, J. R. Davie, et al. Identification of a direct Dlx homeodomain target in the developing mouse forebrain and retina by optimization of chromatin immunoprecipitation Nucleic Acids Res., February 9, 2004; 32(3): 884 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Wang and R. S. Mann Requirement for two nearly identical TGIF-related homeobox genes in Drosophila spermatogenesis Development, July 1, 2003; 130(13): 2853 - 2865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, D. A. Lim, and A. Alvarez-Buylla Postnatal Development of Radial Glia and the Ventricular Zone (VZ): a Continuum of the Neural Stem Cell Compartment Cereb Cortex, June 1, 2003; 13(6): 580 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ghanem, O. Jarinova, A. Amores, Q. Long, G. Hatch, B. K. Park, J. L.R. Rubenstein, and M. Ekker Regulatory Roles of Conserved Intergenic Domains in Vertebrate Dlx Bigene Clusters Genome Res., April 1, 2003; 13(4): 533 - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. T. Miller, D. Yelon, D. Y. R. Stainier, and C. B. Kimmel Two endothelin 1 effectors, hand2 and bapx1, pattern ventral pharyngeal cartilage and the jaw joint Development, April 1, 2003; 130(7): 1353 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
