|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.00113
1 John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
2 Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Carl Von Linne Weg 10, D-50829
Cologne, Germany
Author for correspondence at address2 (e-mail:
coupland{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de)
Accepted 26 August 2002
The plant shoot is derived from the apical meristem, a group of stem cells formed during embryogenesis. Lateral organs form on the shoot of an adult plant from primordia that arise on the flanks of the shoot apical meristem. Environmental stimuli such as light, temperature and nutrient availability often influence the shape and identity of the organs that develop from these primordia. In particular, the transition from forming vegetative lateral organs to producing flowers often occurs in response to environmental cues. This transition requires increased expression in primordia of genes that confer floral identity, such as the Arabidopsis gene LEAFY. We describe a novel mutant, early in short days 4 (esd4), that dramatically accelerates the transition from vegetative growth to flowering in Arabidopsis. The effect of the mutation is strongest under short photoperiods, which delay flowering of Arabidopsis. The mutant has additional phenotypes, including premature termination of the shoot and an alteration of phyllotaxy along the stem, suggesting that ESD4 has a broader role in plant development. Genetic analysis indicates that ESD4 is most closely associated with the autonomous floral promotion pathway, one of the well-characterized pathways proposed to promote flowering of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, mRNA levels of a floral repressor (FLC), which acts within this pathway, are reduced by esd4, and the expression of flowering-time genes repressed by FLC is increased in the presence of the esd4 mutation. Although the reduction in FLC mRNA abundance is likely to contribute to the esd4 phenotype, our data suggest that esd4 also promotes flowering independently of FLC. The role of ESD4 in the regulation of flowering is discussed with reference to current models on the regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis.
Key words: Flowering, Arabidopsis thaliana, Photoperiod, Vernalization, ESD4
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Y. Wang, I. Ladunga, A. R. Miller, K. M. Horken, T. Plucinak, D. P. Weeks, and C. P. Bailey The Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-Conjugating System of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Genetics, May 1, 2008; 179(1): 177 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Lazaro, A. Gomez-Zambrano, L. Lopez-Gonzalez, M. Pineiro, and J. A. Jarillo Mutations in the Arabidopsis SWC6 gene, encoding a component of the SWR1 chromatin remodelling complex, accelerate flowering time and alter leaf and flower development J. Exp. Bot., February 21, 2008; (2008) erm332v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Domagalska, F. M. Schomburg, R. M. Amasino, R. D. Vierstra, F. Nagy, and S. J. Davis Attenuation of brassinosteroid signaling enhances FLC expression and delays flowering Development, August 1, 2007; 134(15): 2841 - 2850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. M. Xu, A. Rose, S. Muthuswamy, S. Y. Jeong, S. Venkatakrishnan, Q. Zhao, and I. Meier NUCLEAR PORE ANCHOR, the Arabidopsis Homolog of Tpr/Mlp1/Mlp2/Megator, Is Involved in mRNA Export and SUMO Homeostasis and Affects Diverse Aspects of Plant Development PLANT CELL, May 1, 2007; 19(5): 1537 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Martin-Trillo, A. Lazaro, R. S. Poethig, C. Gomez-Mena, M. A. Pineiro, J. M. Martinez-Zapater, and J. A. Jarillo EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 1 (ESD1) encodes ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 6 (AtARP6), a putative component of chromatin remodelling complexes that positively regulates FLC accumulation in Arabidopsis Development, April 1, 2006; 133(7): 1241 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-I Lin, J.-G. Wang, S.-Y. Poon, C.-l. Su, S.-S. Wang, and T.-J. Chiou Differential Regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C Expression by Vernalization in Cabbage and Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, March 1, 2005; 137(3): 1037 - 1048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. He, M. R. Doyle, and R. M. Amasino PAF1-complex-mediated histone methylation of FLOWERING LOCUS C chromatin is required for the vernalization-responsive, winter-annual habit in Arabidopsis Genes & Dev., November 15, 2004; 18(22): 2774 - 2784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Noh, S.-H. Lee, H.-J. Kim, G. Yi, E.-A. Shin, M. Lee, K.-J. Jung, M. R. Doyle, R. M. Amasino, and Y.-S. Noh Divergent Roles of a Pair of Homologous Jumonji/Zinc-Finger-Class Transcription Factor Proteins in the Regulation of Arabidopsis Flowering Time PLANT CELL, October 1, 2004; 16(10): 2601 - 2613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. R. Henderson and C. Dean Control of Arabidopsis flowering: the chill before the bloom Development, August 15, 2004; 131(16): 3829 - 3838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. Boss, R. M. Bastow, J. S. Mylne, and C. Dean Multiple Pathways in the Decision to Flower: Enabling, Promoting, and Resetting PLANT CELL, June 1, 2004; 16(suppl_1): S18 - S31. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Murtas, P. H. Reeves, Y.-F. Fu, I. Bancroft, C. Dean, and G. Coupland A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces the Abundance of SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER Conjugates PLANT CELL, October 1, 2003; 15(10): 2308 - 2319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. J. Ratcliffe, R. W. Kumimoto, B. J. Wong, and J. L. Riechmann Analysis of the Arabidopsis MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING Gene Family: MAF2 Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold PLANT CELL, May 1, 2003; 15(5): 1159 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
