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1 Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Developmental Genetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
2 Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario N6A4V2, Canada
3 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
4 Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0RD, UK
* Present address: Gardiner-Caldwell Communications, The Towers, Park Green, Macclesfield SK11 7NG, UK
Author for correspondence (e-mail: wolf.reik{at}bbsrc.ac.uk)
Accepted 26 December 2001
The radiation-induced mutation minute (Mnt) in the mouse leads to intrauterine growth retardation with paternal transmission and has been linked to the distal chromosome 7 cluster of imprinted genes. We show that the mutation is an inversion, whose breakpoint distal to H19 disrupts and thus identifies an enhancer for Igf2 expression in skeletal muscle and tongue, and separates the gene from other mesodermal and extra-embryonic enhancers. Paternal transmission of Mnt leads to drastic downregulation of Igf2 transcripts in all mesodermal tissues and the placenta. Maternal transmission leads to methylation of the H19 differentially methylated region (DMR) and silencing of H19, showing that elements 3' of H19 can modify the maternal imprint. Methylation of the maternal DMR leads to biallelic expression of Igf2 in endodermal tissues and foetal overgrowth, demonstrating that methylation in vivo can open the chromatin boundary upstream of H19. Our work shows that most known enhancers for Igf2 are located 3' of H19 and establishes an important genetic paradigm for the inheritance of complex regulatory mutations in imprinted gene clusters.
Key words: Mouse, Igf2, H19, Imprinted genes
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