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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
e-mail: amcmahon{at}mcb.harvard.edu or megason{at}hombiosys.com
Accepted 8 February 2002
Cell cycle progression and exit must be precisely patterned during development to generate tissues of the correct size, shape and symmetry. Here we present evidence that dorsal-ventral growth of the developing spinal cord is regulated by a Wnt mitogen gradient. Wnt signaling through the ß-catenin/TCF pathway positively regulates cell cycle progression and negatively regulates cell cycle exit of spinal neural precursors in part through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin D2. Wnts expressed at the dorsal midline of the spinal cord, Wnt1 and Wnt3a, have mitogenic activity while more broadly expressed Wnts do not. We present several lines of evidence suggesting that dorsal midline Wnts form a dorsal to ventral concentration gradient. A growth gradient that correlates with the predicted gradient of mitogenic Wnts emerges as the neural tube grows with the proliferation rate highest dorsally and the differentiation rate highest ventrally. These data are rationalized in a ‘mitogen gradient model’ that explains how proliferation and differentiation can be patterned across a growing field of cells. Computer modeling demonstrates this model is a robust and self-regulating mechanism for patterning cell cycle regulation in a growing tissue.
Supplemental data available on-line
Key words: Spinal cord, Wnts, Growth gradient, Cell cycle gradient, Chick
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A. Bach, Y. Lallemand, M.-A. Nicola, C. Ramos, L. Mathis, M. Maufras, and B. Robert Msx1 is required for dorsal diencephalon patterning Development, September 1, 2003; 130(17): 4025 - 4036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. De Bellard, Y. Rao, and M. Bronner-Fraser Dual function of Slit2 in repulsion and enhanced migration of trunk, but not vagal, neural crest cells J. Cell Biol., July 21, 2003; 162(2): 269 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Viti, A. Gulacsi, and L. Lillien Wnt Regulation of Progenitor Maturation in the Cortex Depends on Shh or Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 J. Neurosci., July 2, 2003; 23(13): 5919 - 5927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Esteve, F. Trousse, J. Rodriguez, and P. Bovolenta SFRP1 modulates retina cell differentiation through a {beta}-catenin-independent mechanism J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2003; 116(12): 2471 - 2481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Ligon, Y. Echelard, S. Assimacopoulos, P. S. Danielian, S. Kaing, E. A. Grove, A. P. McMahon, and D. H. Rowitch Loss of Emx2 function leads to ectopic expression of Wnt1 in the developing telencephalon and cortical dysplasia Development, May 15, 2003; 130(10): 2275 - 2287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Matsunaga, T. Katahira, and H. Nakamura Role of Lmx1b and Wnt1 in mesencephalon and metencephalon development Development, March 13, 2003; 129(22): 5269 - 5277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ishibashi and A. P. McMahon A sonic hedgehog-dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo Development, March 12, 2003; 129(20): 4807 - 4819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yang, L. Topol, H. Lee, and J. Wu Wnt5a and Wnt5b exhibit distinct activities in coordinating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation Development, March 1, 2003; 130(5): 1003 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Hari, V. Brault, M. Kleber, H.-Y. Lee, F. Ille, R. Leimeroth, C. Paratore, U. Suter, R. Kemler, and L. Sommer Lineage-specific requirements of {beta}-catenin in neural crest development J. Cell Biol., December 9, 2002; 159(5): 867 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. T. Moon, B. Bowerman, M. Boutros, and N. Perrimon The Promise and Perils of Wnt Signaling Through beta -Catenin Science, May 31, 2002; 296(5573): 1644 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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