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doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.00218

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Development 130, 249-258 (2003)
Copyright © 2003 The Company of Biologists Limited

Grainy head controls apical membrane growth and tube elongation in response to Branchless/FGF signalling

Johanna Hemphälä1,*, Anne Uv2,*, Rafael Cantera3, Sarah Bray4 and Christos Samakovlis1,{dagger}

1 Department of Developmental Biology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
3 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
4 Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK

{dagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: christos{at}devbio.su.se)

Accepted 22 October 2002

Epithelial organogenesis involves concerted movements and growth of distinct subcellular compartments. We show that apical membrane enlargement is critical for lumenal elongation of the Drosophila airways, and is independently controlled by the transcription factor Grainy head. Apical membrane overgrowth in grainy head mutants generates branches that are too long and tortuous without affecting epithelial integrity, whereas Grainy head overexpression limits lumenal growth. The chemoattractant Branchless/FGF induces tube outgrowth, and we find that it upregulates Grainy head activity post-translationally, thereby controlling apical membrane expansion to attain its key role in branching. We favour a two-step model for FGF in branching: first, induction of cell movement and apical membrane growth, and second, activation of Grainy head to limit lumen elongation, ensuring that branches reach and attain their characteristic lengths.

Key words: Epithelia, Morphogenesis, Drosophila melanogaster, Tubulogenesis, Trachea


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