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First published online 30 June 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01234
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1 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One
Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One
Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
3 Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor
Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: jamrich{at}bcm.tmc.edu)
Accepted 14 April 2004
Development of the visceral mesoderm is a critical process in the
organogenesis of the gut. Elucidation of function and regulation of genes
involved in the development of visceral mesoderm is therefore essential for an
understanding of gut organogenesis. One of the genes specifically expressed in
the lateral plate mesoderm, and later in its derivative, the visceral
mesoderm, is the Fox gene FoxF1. Its function is critical for
Xenopus gut development, and embryos injected with FoxF1
morpholino display abnormal gut development. In the absence of FoxF1
function, the lateral plate mesoderm, and later the visceral mesoderm, does
not proliferate and differentiate properly. Region- and stage-specific markers
of visceral mesoderm differentiation, such as Xbap and 
-smooth
muscle actin, are not activated. The gut does not elongate and coil. These
experiments provide support for the function of FoxF1 in the
development of visceral mesoderm and the organogenesis of the gut. At the
molecular level, FoxF1 is a downstream target of BMP4 signaling. BMP4
can activate FoxF1 transcription in animal caps and overexpression of
FoxF1 can rescue twinning phenotypes, which results from the
elimination of BMP4 signaling. The cis-regulatory elements of FoxF1
are located within a 2 kb DNA fragment upstream of the coding region. These
sequences can drive correct temporal-spatial expression of a GFP reporter gene
in transgenic Xenopus tadpoles. These sequences represent a unique
tool, which can be used to specifically alter gene expression in the lateral
plate mesoderm.
Key words: BMP4, FoxF1, Forkhead, Gut, Lateral plate mesoderm, Morpholino, Visceral mesoderm
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