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First published online 30 June 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01221


Development 131, 3661-3670 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004


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GRAMINIFOLIA promotes growth and polarity of Antirrhinum leaves

John F. Golz1,*, Mario Roccaro1,{dagger}, Robert Kuzoff2,{ddagger} and Andrew Hudson1,§

1 Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
2 Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA

§ Author for correspondence (e-mail: andrew.hudson{at}ed.ac.uk)

Accepted 1 April 2004

The leaves of higher plants develop distinct cell types along their adaxial-abaxial (dorsal-ventral) axes. Interaction between leaf primordium cells with adaxial and abaxial identities is necessary for lateral growth of the developing leaf blade. We show that the growth and asymmetry of leaves in Antirrhinum majus involves the related YABBY transcription factors GRAMINIFOLIA (GRAM) and PROLONGATA (PROL). GRAM is expressed in abaxial margins of organ primordia where it promotes lateral growth and abaxial cell fate. GRAM, however, is not needed for abaxial fate in the absence of adaxial cell specification, suggesting that it promotes abaxial fate by excluding adaxial identity. Although GRAM expression is abaxially restricted, it functions redundantly with its abaxially expressed paralogue, PROL, and with the ubiquitously expressed PHANTASTICA gene to promote adaxial identity via intercellular signalling. This non cell-autonomous behaviour is consistent with the ability of GRAM in only the abaxial most cell layer to direct normal development of more adaxial cells. The contrasting roles of GRAM in promoting and inhibiting adaxial identity might serve to reinforce and maintain the distinction between adaxial and abaxial domains in the growing leaf primordium.

Key words: Antirrhinum majus, GRAMINIFOLIA, PROLONGATA, YABBY, Leaf asymmetry


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