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First published online 6 October 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01405

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Skeletal defects in ringelschwanz mutant mice reveal that Lrp6 is required for proper somitogenesis and osteogenesis

Chikara Kokubu^1,*,, Ulrich Heinzmann^2,*, Tomoko Kokubu¹, Norio Sakai³, Takuo Kubota³, Masanobu Kawai³, Matthias B. Wahl¹, Juan Galceran⁴, Rudolf Grosschedl⁴, Keiichi Ozono³ and Kenji Imai^1,

¹ Institute of Developmental Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
² Institute of Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
³ Department of Developmental Medicine (Pediatrics), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
⁴ Gene Center and Institute of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Feodor Lynenstrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany

Author for correspondence (e-mail: imai{at}gsf.de)

Accepted 17 August 2004

Here, we present evidence that Lrp6, a coreceptor for Wnt ligands, is required for the normal formation of somites and bones. By positional cloning, we demonstrate that a novel spontaneous mutation ringelschwanz (rs) in the mouse is caused by a point mutation in Lrp6, leading to an amino acid substitution of tryptophan for the evolutionarily conserved residue arginine at codon 886 (R886W). We show that rs is a hypomorphic Lrp6 allele by a genetic complementation test with Lrp6-null mice, and that the mutated protein cannot efficiently transduce signals through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Homozygous rs mice, many of which are remarkably viable, exhibit a combination of multiple Wnt-deficient phenotypes, including dysmorphologies of the axial skeleton, digits and the neural tube. The establishment of the anteroposterior somite compartments, the epithelialization of nascent somites, and the formation of segment borders are disturbed in rs mutants, leading to a characteristic form of vertebral malformations, similar to dysmorphologies in individuals suffering from spondylocostal dysostosis. Marker expression study suggests that Lrp6 is required for the crosstalk between the Wnt and notch-delta signaling pathways during somitogenesis. Furthermore, the Lrp6 dysfunction in rs leads to delayed ossification at birth and to a low bone mass phenotype in adults. Together, we propose that Lrp6 is one of the key genetic components for the pathogenesis of vertebral segmentation defects and of osteoporosis in humans.

Key words: Lrp6, Wnt signaling, Somitogenesis, Osteoporosis, Mouse

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