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First published online February 18, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.00925
1 McGill University, Biology Department, 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue,
Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
2 University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall,
Columbia, MO 65211, USA
3 University of Toronto, Department of Botany, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto,
Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
Author for correspondence (e-mail:
berleth{at}botany.utoronto.ca)
Accepted 16 October 2003
Transcription factors of the auxin response factor (ARF) family have been implicated in auxin-dependent gene regulation, but little is known about the functions of individual ARFs in plants. Here, interaction assays, expression studies and combinations of multiple loss- and gain-of-function mutants were used to assess the roles of two ARFs, NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 4 (NPH4/ARF7) and MONOPTEROS (MP/ARF5), in Arabidopsis development. Both MP and NPH4 interact strongly and selectively with themselves and with each other, and are expressed in vastly overlapping domains. We show that the regulatory properties of both genes are far more related than suggested by their single mutant phenotypes. NPH4 and MP are capable of controlling both axis formation in the embryo and auxin-dependent cell expansion. Interaction of MP and NPH4 in Arabidopsis plants is indicated by their joint requirement in a number of auxin responses and by synergistic effects associated with the co-overexpression of both genes. Finally, we demonstrate antagonistic interaction between ARF and Aux/IAA gene functions in Arabidopsis development. Overexpression of MP suppresses numerous defects associated with a gain-of-function mutation in BODENLOS (BDL)/IAA12. Together these results provide evidence for the biological relevance of ARF-ARF and ARF-Aux/IAA interaction in Arabidopsis plants and demonstrate that an individual ARF can act in both invariantly programmed pattern formation as well as in conditional responses to external signals.
Key words: Arabidopsis, Auxin response factor interaction, Aux/IAA genes, BODENLOS, Genetic redundancy, MONOPTEROS, NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 4
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