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First published online February 18, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.01015

Development 131, 1135-1144 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004
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Cytoplasmic and molecular reconstruction of Xenopus embryos: synergy of dorsalizing and endo-mesodermalizing determinants drives early axial patterning

Keiichi Katsumoto1, Tomohiro Arikawa1, Jun-ya Doi2, Hidefumi Fujii1,*, Shin-ichiro Nishimatsu3 and Masao Sakai1,{dagger}

1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
2 Department of Bioengineering, Yatsushiro National College of Technology, 2627 Hirayama Shin-Machi, Yatsushiro, 866-8501, Japan
3 Department of Molecular Biology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan

{dagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: garu{at}sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp).

Accepted 19 November 2003

Ablation of vegetal cytoplasm from newly fertilized Xenopus eggs results in the development of permanent blastula-type embryos (PBEs). PBEs cleave normally and develop into a very simple tissue consisting only of atypical epidermis. We tried to restore complete embryonic development in PBEs by cytoplasmic transplantation or by mRNA injection. We show a two-step reconstruction of the body plan. In the first step, PBEs injected with either marginal cytoplasm or synthetic VegT RNA restored gastrulation and mesoderm formation, but not axial patterning. Injection of Xwnt8 mRNA (acting upstream of ß-catenin and thus substitutes for the dorsal determinant) did not restore axial development in PBEs. Simultaneous injections of Xwnt8 and VegT into PBEs resulted in dorsal axis development, showing the synergy of these molecules in axial development. These results suggest that the mixing of two cytoplasmic determinants, i.e. the dorsal determinant in the vegetal pole and the endo-mesodermal determinant in the whole vegetal half, triggers the early axial developmental process in Xenopus embryos.

Key words: Xenopus, Cytoplasmic determinants, VegT, Xwnt8, Organizer


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