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First published online 8 June 2005
doi: 10.1242/dev.01902

Development 132, 3293-3303 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
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VEGF is crucial for the hepatic vascular development required for lipoprotein uptake

Brian Carpenter1,*,{dagger}, Yuankai Lin1,*, Stephanie Stoll1, Robert L. Raffai1,2, Robert McCuskey3 and Rong Wang1,{ddagger}

1 Pacific Vascular Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0507, USA
2 Veterans Administration Medical Research Center, Surgical Services (112G), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
3 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA

{ddagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: rongw{at}itsa.ucsf.edu)

Accepted 12 May 2005

Hepatic lipid catabolism begins with the transport of lipoprotein remnants from the sinusoidal vasculature into hepatocytes by endocytosis via microvilli. To test the hypothesis that fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) are crucial for this process, we selectively disrupted SECs by downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, using hepatocyte-specific, tetracycline-regulatable expression of a VEGF receptor that can sequester VEGF but cannot relay its signal. Newborn mutant livers appeared grossly normal, but displayed a dark-red color that was distinguishable from normal physiological lipid-rich pink livers. Mutant sinusoidal networks were reduced and their SECs lacked fenestrae. Hepatocellular lipid levels were profoundly reduced, as determined by Oil Red O staining and transmission electron microscopy, and fewer hepatocytic microvilli were evident, indicating impaired lipoprotein endocytosis. Levels of apolipoprotein (APO) E bound to mutant sinusoidal networks were significantly reduced, and fluorescently-labeled murine remnant lipoproteins injected into the blood stream failed to accumulate in the space of Disse and diffuse into hepatocytes, providing evidence that reduced hepatocellular lipid levels in mutant livers are due to impaired lipoprotein uptake. Temporal downregulation of VEGF signaling revealed that it is crucial at all developmental stages of hepatic vascular morphogenesis, and repression of the dominant-negative effect can rescue the phenotype. These findings provide the first genetic evidence that VEGF dynamically regulates SEC fenestration during liver organogenesis, a process that is required for lipoprotein uptake by the liver.

Key words: Angiogenesis, Space of Disse, Sinusoids, Vascular development




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