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First published online 17 August 2005
doi: 10.1242/dev.01955
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1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3280,
Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
2 Gene Expression Laboratory, Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne,
Biology Building, 1015-Lausanne, Switzerland
3 Department of Horticultural Science, Center for Microbial and Plant Genomics,
University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
65211, USA
5 Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92186-5800,
USA
Author for correspondence (e-mail:
jreed{at}email.unc.edu)
Accepted 22 June 2005
Pollination in flowering plants requires that anthers release pollen when the gynoecium is competent to support fertilization. We show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, two paralogous auxin response transcription factors, ARF6 and ARF8, regulate both stamen and gynoecium maturation. arf6 arf8 double-null mutant flowers arrested as infertile closed buds with short petals, short stamen filaments, undehisced anthers that did not release pollen and immature gynoecia. Numerous developmentally regulated genes failed to be induced. ARF6 and ARF8 thus coordinate the transition from immature to mature fertile flowers. Jasmonic acid (JA) measurements and JA feeding experiments showed that decreased jasmonate production caused the block in pollen release, but not the gynoecium arrest. The double mutant had altered auxin responsive gene expression. However, whole flower auxin levels did not change during flower maturation, suggesting that auxin might regulate flower maturation only under specific environmental conditions, or in localized organs or tissues of flowers. arf6 and arf8 single mutants and sesquimutants (homozygous for one mutation and heterozygous for the other) had delayed stamen development and decreased fecundity, indicating that ARF6 and ARF8 gene dosage affects timing of flower maturation quantitatively.
Key words: Auxin response factor, ARF, Auxin, Flower maturation, Jasmonate
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