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First published online 1 September 2005
doi: 10.1242/dev.02005


Development 132, 4363-4374 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005


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Characterization of mesendoderm: a diverging point of the definitive endoderm and mesoderm in embryonic stem cell differentiation culture

Shinsuke Tada1,2, Takumi Era1,*, Chikara Furusawa3, Hidetoshi Sakurai1, Satomi Nishikawa1, Masaki Kinoshita1, Kazuki Nakao4, Tsutomu Chiba2 and Shin-Ichi Nishikawa1

1 Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
3 Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
4 Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan

* Author for correspondence (e-mail: tera{at}cdb.riken.jp)

Accepted 19 July 2005

Bipotent mesendoderm that can give rise to both endoderm and mesoderm is an established entity from C. elegans to zebrafish. Although previous studies in mouse embryo indicated the presence of bi-potent mesendoderm cells in the organizer region, characterization of mesendoderm and its differentiation processes are still unclear. As bi-potent mesendoderm is implicated as the major precursor of definitive endoderm, its identification is also essential for exploring the differentiation of definitive endoderm. In this study, we have established embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that carry GFP gene in the goosecoid (Gsc) gene locus and have investigated the differentiation course of mesendodermal cells using Gsc expression as a marker. Our results show that mesendoderm is represented as a Gsc-GFP+E-cadherin(ECD)+PDGFR{alpha}({alpha}R)+ population and is selectively induced from ES cells under defined conditions containing either activin or nodal. Subsequently, it diverges to Gsc+ECD+{alpha}R- and Gsc+ECD-{alpha}R+ intermediates that eventually differentiate into definitive endoderm and mesodermal lineages, respectively. The presence of mesendodermal cells in nascent Gsc+ECD+{alpha}R+ population was also confirmed by single cell analysis. Finally, we show that the defined culture condition and surface markers developed in this study are applicable for obtaining pure mesendodermal cells and their immediate progenies from genetically unmanipulated ES cells.

Key words: ES cell, Mesendoderm, Goosecoid, Endoderm, Mouse


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