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First published online March 4, 2005
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.01696
1 Integrative Morphology Group, Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna,
Waehringerstrasse 13, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
2 Developmental Biology Program, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute,
384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
3 Developmental Biology Division, National Institute for Medical Research, The
Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
4 The Neural Development Unit, The Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford
Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
5 St Vincent's Clinical School, and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular
Sciences University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
Authors for correspondence (e-mail:
wolfgang.weninger{at}meduniwien.ac.at;
s.dunwoodie{at}victorchang.unsw.edu.au)
Accepted 4 January 2005
Establishment of the left-right axis is a fundamental process of vertebrate embryogenesis. Failure to develop left-right asymmetry leads to incorrect positioning and morphogenesis of numerous internal organs, and is proposed to underlie the etiology of several common cardiac malformations. The transcriptional modulator Cited2 is essential for embryonic development: Cited2-null embryos die during gestation with profound developmental abnormalities, including cardiac malformations, exencephaly and adrenal agenesis. Cited2 is also required for normal establishment of the left-right axis; we demonstrate that abnormal heart looping and right atrial and pulmonary isomerism are consistent features of the left-right-patterning defect. We show by gene expression analysis that Cited2 acts upstream of Nodal, Lefty2 and Pitx2 in the lateral mesoderm, and of Lefty1 in the presumptive floor plate.
Although abnormal left-right patterning has a major impact on the cardiac phenotype in Cited2-null embryos, laterality defects are only observed in a proportion of these embryos. We have therefore used a combination of high-resolution imaging and three-dimensional (3D) modeling to systematically document the full spectrum of Cited2-associated cardiac defects. Previous studies have focused on the role of Cited2 in cardiac neural crest cell development, as Cited2 can bind the transcription factor Tfap2, and thus affect the expression of Erbb3 in neural crest cells. However, we have identified Cited2-associated cardiac defects that cannot be explained by laterality or neural crest abnormalities. In particular, muscular ventricular septal defects and reduced cell density in the atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushions are evident in Cited2-null embryos. As we found that Cited2 expression tightly correlated with these sites, we believe that Cited2 plays a direct role in development of the AV canal and cardiac septa. We therefore propose that, in addition to the previously described reduction of cardiac neural crest cells, two other distinct mechanisms contribute to the spectrum of complex cardiac defects in Cited2-null mice; disruption of normal left-right patterning and direct loss of Cited2 expression in cardiac tissues.
Key words: Cited2, Left-right axis, Heart development, Mouse
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