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First published online 12 December 2007
doi: 10.1242/dev.006098

Development 135, 387-399 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
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The zebrafish mutant lbk/vam6 resembles human multisystemic disorders caused by aberrant trafficking of endosomal vesicles

Helia B. Schonthaler1,2,*, Valerie C. Fleisch1,2, Oliver Biehlmaier2, Yuri Makhankov1, Oliver Rinner1, Ronja Bahadori1, Robert Geisler3, Heinz Schwarz3, Stephan C. F. Neuhauss1,2,{dagger},{ddagger} and Ralf Dahm3,{dagger},§

1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, and Brain Research Institute of the University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
2 Institute of Zoology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
3 Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.

{ddagger} Author for correspondence (e-mail: stephan.neuhauss{at}zool.uzh.ch)

Accepted 23 October 2007

The trafficking of intracellular vesicles is essential for a number of cellular processes and defects in this process have been implicated in a wide range of human diseases. We identify the zebrafish mutant lbk as a novel model for such disorders. lbk displays hypopigmentation of skin melanocytes and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), an absence of iridophore reflections, defects in internal organs (liver, intestine) as well as functional defects in vision and the innate immune system (macrophages). Positional cloning, an allele screen, rescue experiments and morpholino knock-down reveal a mutation in the zebrafish orthologue of the vam6/vps39 gene. Vam6p is part of the HOPS complex, which is essential for vesicle tethering and fusion. Affected cells in the lbk RPE, liver, intestine and macrophages display increased numbers and enlarged intracellular vesicles. Physiological and behavioural analyses reveal severe defects in visual ability in lbk mutants. The present study provides the first phenotypic description of a lack of vam6 gene function in a multicellular organism. lbk shares many of the characteristics of human diseases and suggests a novel disease gene for pathologies associated with defective vesicle transport, including the arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and the Griscelli syndrome.

Key words: Zebrafish development, Eye, Vision, Pigmentation, Liver, Vesicle trafficking, Lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles, Vam6p/Vps39


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