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First published online January 23, 2009
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.028365

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The polarly localized D6 PROTEIN KINASE is required for efficient auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana

Melina Zourelidou^1,*, Isabel Müller^1,*, Björn C. Willige^1,*, Carola Nill¹, Yusuke Jikumaru², Hanbing Li^1, and Claus Schwechheimer^1,*,

¹ Tübingen University, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
² RIKEN, Plant Science Center, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.

Author for correspondence (e-mail: claus.schwechheimer{at}wzw.tum.de)

Accepted 16 December 2008

The phytohormone auxin is a major determinant of plant growth and differentiation. Directional auxin transport and auxin responses are required for proper embryogenesis, organ formation, vascular development, and tropisms. Members of several protein families, including the PIN auxin efflux facilitators, have been implicated in auxin transport; however, the regulation of auxin transport by signaling proteins remains largely unexplored. We have studied a family of four highly homologous AGC protein kinases, which we designated the D6 protein kinases (D6PKs). We found that d6pk mutants have defects in lateral root initiation, root gravitropism, and shoot differentiation in axillary shoots, and that these phenotypes correlate with a reduction in auxin transport. Interestingly, D6PK localizes to the basal (lower) membrane of Arabidopsis root cells, where it colocalizes with PIN1, PIN2 and PIN4. D6PK and PIN1 interact genetically, and D6PK phosphorylates PIN proteins in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data show that D6PK is required for efficient auxin transport and suggest that PIN proteins are D6PK phosphorylation targets.

Key words: Arabidopsis, Protein kinase, Auxin transport, PIN proteins, Lateral root

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