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Development ePress online publication date 19 May 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01152

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Research article

Differential stability of {beta}-catenin along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo mediated by dishevelled


Heather E. Weitzel, Michele R. Illies, Christine A. Byrum, Ronghui Xu, Athula H. Wikramanayake, and Charles A. Ettensohn*
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: ettensohn{at}andrew.cmu.edu)

{beta}-Catenin has a central role in the early axial patterning of metazoan embryos. In the sea urchin, {beta}-catenin accumulates in the nuclei of vegetal blastomeres and controls endomesoderm specification. Here, we use in-vivo measurements of the half-life of fluorescently tagged {beta}-catenin in specific blastomeres to demonstrate a gradient in {beta}-catenin stability along the animal-vegetal axis during early cleavage. This gradient is dependent on GSK3{beta}-mediated phosphorylation of {beta}-catenin. Calculations show that the difference in {beta}-catenin half-life at the animal and vegetal poles of the early embryo is sufficient to produce a difference of more than 100-fold in levels of the protein in less than 2 hours. We show that dishevelled (Dsh), a key signaling protein, is required for the stabilization of {beta}-catenin in vegetal cells and provide evidence that Dsh undergoes a local activation in the vegetal region of the embryo. Finally, we report that GFP-tagged Dsh is targeted specifically to the vegetal cortex of the fertilized egg. During cleavage, Dsh-GFP is partitioned predominantly into vegetal blastomeres. An extensive mutational analysis of Dsh identifies several regions of the protein that are required for vegetal cortical targeting, including a phospholipid-binding motif near the N-terminus.
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