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First published online August 18, 2003
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.00689

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The FORKED genes are essential for distal vein meeting in Arabidopsis

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIK 3M4, Canada

View larger version (103K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Vascular pattern development in wild-type (A,B) and in fkd1 (C,D) cotyledons and mature cotyledons of wild type (E), fkd1 (F), fkd2 (G), fkd2 fkd1 (H), mpG92 (I), mpG92 fkd1 (J), axr6-2 (K) and axr6-2 fkd1 (L), viewed with phase contrast optics (A,C), DIC optics (B,D) and dark-field illumination (E-L). Cleared cotyledons (1 DAG) of wild type (A) and fkd1 (C), show the presence of provascular tissue of the midvein (mv), the distal secondary veins (ds), and occasionally proximal secondary veins (ps) that show partial maturation by 3 DAG (B,D) and complete maturation by 14 DAG (E,F). Arrows indicate freely ending veins and * in A indicates the initiation of a proximal secondary vein adjacent to the distal secondary vein. Scale bar: 50 µm.

View larger version (106K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Vascular pattern of cleared first leaves from wild type (A), fkd1 (B), fkd2 (C), fkd2 fkd1 (D), pin1-1 (E), pin1-1 fkd1 (F), wild-type grown on 30 µM NPA (G), fkd1 grown on 30 µM NPA (H), mpG92 (I), mpG92 fkd1 (J), axr6-2 (K), axr6-2 fkd1 (L), axr2 (M), axr2 fkd1 (N) viewed under dark-field illumination. All leaves were removed 21 DAG, except I-L, which were removed 14 DAG. Arrows indicate freely ending veins, asterisks indicate distal meeting, and vi indicates vascular islands. Scale bar: 1 mm for A-F, L and M and 500 µm for G-K.

View larger version (133K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Proximal and distal vein junctions in wild-type (A,B,E,F,I,J) and fkd1 (C,D,G,H,K,L) cotyledons at provascular (A,C,E,G,I,K) and mature vascular (B,D,F,H,J,L) tissue stages viewed with phase contrast optics. (A-D) Distal vein junction between midvein (mv) and distal secondary veins (ds) near the apex of the cotyledon. (E-H) Distal vein junction of proximal (ps) and distal secondary veins. (I-L) Proximal vein junction between distal secondary veins and midvein. Arrows indicate the failure of distal junctions in fkd1. Scale bar: 50 µm.

View larger version (103K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Vascular pattern development in the first leaf of wild type (A-D) and fkd1 (E-H). Formation of the midvein (mv) and distal secondary veins (ds) in wild type (A,B) is indistinguishable from fkd1 (E,F). Subsequent secondary veins (s) initiate from existing vascular tissue in wild type (C) but initiate freely in fkd1 (G), leading to the development of vascular islands (vi) in the immature leaf. Tertiary veins (t) fill in the developing vascular pattern (D,H). Arrows indicate basal free vein ends. Scale bar: 250 µm.

View larger version (94K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Vascular pattern of sepals (A-D) and petals (E-H) from wild-type (A,E), fkd1 (B,F), fkd2 (C,G) and fkd2 fkd1 (D,H) plants. Arrows indicate freely ending veins and vi indicates vascular islands. Scale bars: 500 µm.

View larger version (95K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Pattern of DR5::GUS expression in developing leaves of wild type (A-D,I,K) and fkd1 (E-F,J,L) upon no exposure (A-H) or exposure (I-L) to auxin transport inhibition. Leaves were taken at 4 DAG (A,B,E,F), 5 DAG (C,G,I,J) and 6 DAG (D,H,K,L). Arrows indicate reduced reporter gene expression at distal joints of wild-type secondary veins. Scale bar: 100 µm.