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First published online 7 January 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.00955


Development 131, 643-656 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004


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Drosophila ventral furrow morphogenesis: a proteomic analysis

Lei Gong*, Mamta Puri*, Mustafa Ünlü{dagger}, Margaret Young, Katherine Robertson, Surya Viswanathan, Arun Krishnaswamy, Susan R. Dowd and Jonathan S. Minden{ddagger}

Department of Biological Sciences and The NSF Science and Technology Center for Light Microscope Imaging and Biotechnology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA



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Fig. 2. Master gel comparing ventralized to lateralized embryos. To display the full array of protein differences, collections of ventralized and lateralized embryos spanning the three developmental stages were compared. Shown here is a summed image of the Cy3-labeled lateralized sample and Cy5-labeled ventralized sample. Regions of the gel containing difference-proteins are indicated by numbered boxes. Also shown are unchanging control proteins: BSA (which was added as a loading control), enolase, MAPKK and the two large clusters of yolk proteins.

 


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Fig. 1. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) experimental scheme. Collections of ventralized embryos at different developmental stages were compared with lateralized embryos. (A) The general scheme for the DIGE experiments was to prepare whole embryo extracts from ventralized or lateralized embryos. The proteins within each extract were covalently labeled with either propyl-Cy3 or methyl-Cy5. The labeled protein extracts were then combined and co-electrophoresed on a 2DE gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was fixed in methanol and acetic acid and then imaged in the fluorescent gel imaging device at the Cy3 and Cy5 excitation wavelengths. Common protein spots have equal amounts of red-colored Cy3 and blue-colored Cy5, which is shown here as purple. Proteins that are unique to the Cy3-labeled sample are shown as red spots; unique Cy5-labeled proteins are shown as blue spots. (B) Ventralized and lateralized embryos were compared at three developmental stages: pre-cellularization (VPC and LPC), early gastrulation (VEG and LEG) and late gastrulation (VLG and LLG). Shown here are three frames from time-lapse recordings of a ventralized and of a lateralized embryo at the indicated stage. Anterior is to the left. The double-headed arrows indicate the various comparisons that were made. The cephalic furrow is indicated by arrowheads in the LEG and LLG images, the cephalic furrow does not form in ventralized embryos.

 


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Fig. 3. Temporal-specific protein differences. To show the dynamic behavior of the temporal-specific difference proteins, image fragments from the various comparisons are displayed. The difference-proteins are indicated by arrows. (A) Difference-proteins in the T1 region. Notice the decrease of T1a (top-left spot) in both VEG and LEG images and the corresponding increase of T1b (top-right spot) and T1c (lower-right spot). (B) Difference proteins in the T2 region. Notice the increase of T2a (upper spot) in both VEG and LEG images and the decrease of T2b (lower spot).

 


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Fig. 4. Lactacystin inhibition of ventral furrow formation. Time-lapse microscopy of ventrally-oriented Ubi-GFP.nls embryos. (A) Images from a time-lapse recording of a mock-injected embryo. (B) Images from a time-lapse recording of an embryo injected with lactacystin. (C) Images from a time-lapse recording of an embryo injected with dsRNA to twi and sna. Shown here is an example of a mildly defective ventral furrow. (D) Images from a time-lapse recording of an embryo injected with dsRNA to twi and sna. Shown here is an example of a severely defective ventral furrow.

 


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Fig. 5. RNAi of proteasome subunits and time-dependant difference proteins interferes with ventral furrow morphogenesis. Time-lapse analysis of ventrally oriented Ubi-GFP.nls embryos injected with dsRNA of several difference proteins. Data is presented as a histogram plot of the percentage ventral furrow defects upon injection of different dsRNAs alone or in various combinations. Bars indicate s.d.

 





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