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First published online April 22, 2004
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.01107


Development 131, 2037-2048 (2004)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2004


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Otx2 regulates the extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain

Eduardo Puelles1, Alessandro Annino1, Francesca Tuorto2, Alessandro Usiello3, Dario Acampora1,2, Thomas Czerny4, Claude Brodski6, Siew-Lan Ang5, Wolfgang Wurst6,* and Antonio Simeone1,2,*

1 MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
2 Institute of Genetics and Biophysics `A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Via G. Marconi 12, 80125 Naples, Italy
3 Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
4 Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
5 Division of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
6 GSF-Research Center, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Munich/Neuherberg, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstrasse 2-16, 80804 Munich, Germany



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Fig. 1. Otx2flox inactivation by En1-driven Cre recombinase. (A-N) En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos are hybridised at E9.5 and E10.5 with Otx2{Delta} (A,B,E,H,I,L) and Cre (C,F,J,M) probes, or processed for Otx2 immunodetection (D,G,K,N). The arrows in A,D,H,K indicate the approximate position of frontal sections; the arrowheads in D,K indicate the ventral midbrain where Otx2 is lost. Fb, forebrain; Mb, midbrain; Hb, hindbrain; rp, roof plate; fp, floor plate.

 


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Fig. 2. Abnormalities in the adult brain of En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox mutants. (A-D) Midbrain and cerebellum of adult En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox mice are compared in dorsal view (A), or in sagittal (B,C) and frontal (D) Nissl-stained sections. (E) High magnification of the area demarcated by a square in (D). (F) Th immunostaining of the DA area in a frontal section close to (D). The arrows in B indicate the approximate position of frontal sections. InC, inferior colliculus; SuC, superior colliculus; OM oculomotor nucleus; RN, red nucleus; SN, substantia nigra; VTA, ventral tegmental area.

 


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Fig. 3. MHB abnormalities in En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos. (A-W) In situ hybridisation on E9.5 and E10.5 En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos with Otx2{Delta} (A,I,Q), Fgf8 (B,J,R), Gbx2 (C,K,S), Wnt1 (D,L,T), Otx1 (E,M,U), En1 (F,N,V), Otx2-5' (G,O,W) and Pax6 (H,P) probes. (X) Schematic representation summarising MHB abnormalities detected in En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos. The parasagittal section in Q-W is focussed on the ventral midbrain of conditional mutants and approximately corresponds to the area included in the dotted square in J. In conditional mutant embryos, the arrows in A,C-H,I,K-Q,S-W indicate the corresponding position of the ventralmost expression of Fgf8, while the arrows in B,J,R indicate the corresponding position of the ventral and posterior border of the functional Otx2 domain (Otx2{Delta}). The curved arrows in J,K,N,X indicates the dorsal and anterior rotation of the MHB whose ventral site remains in a fairly normal position; the arrowheads in A,B,E,F,I,J,M,N indicate the posterior border of Pax6; and the arrowheads in Q,U,W indicate the ventral midbrain area lacking functional Otx2 transcripts (Otx2{Delta}) but still transcribing Otx1 and Otx2 (Otx2-5'). (X) Red, green, orange and yellow correspond to the hindbrain, posterior midbrain, anterior midbrain and forebrain, respectively. MHB, midbrain-hindbrain boundary; Pt, pretectum; Fb, forebrain; Mb, midbrain; Hb, hindbrain.

 


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Fig. 4. En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox; Otx1-/- triple mutants show anterior shift of ventral expression of Fgf8. (A-E) In situ hybridisation on E10.5 En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox; Otx1-/- whole mount embryos and sections with Otx2{Delta} (A), Fgf8 (B), Gbx2 (C), lacZ (D) and Otx2-5' (E) probes. The sections are focussed on the ventral midbrain area approximately corresponding to the area included in the dotted square in B. The arrows in A,D,E indicate the anterior border of the Fgf8 domain and the arrows in B indicate the ventral posterior border of the functional Otx2 expression domain. Compared with En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos, the expression domains of Fgf8 and functional Otx2 are adjacent, while posterior to Fgf8, the presumptive midbrain yet exhibits transcription of Otx1 (lacZ) and Otx2 (Otx2-5'). Hb, hindbrain.

 


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Fig. 5. Dorsal expansion of Shh/Foxa2 expression and Grg4-mediated suppression of Otx trans-activating ability. (A-J) In situ hybridisation of E10.5 and E12.5 En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos with Otx2{Delta} (A,F), Otx1 (B,G), Grg4 (C,H), Shh (D,I) and Foxa2 (E,J) probes. (K,L) RNAse protection assays showing the trans-activating ability of Otx1, Otx2 and Otx2-Q50 alone or in combination with Grg4 expressing plasmid on the multimerised (4x) bts (K) and np (L) target sequence. (M-O) Otx1 (M) and Otx2 (N,O) mutant molecules carrying the amino acid deletions ({Delta}) indicated are assayed alone or in combination with the Grg4-expressing plasmid. (P,Q) Co-immunoprecipitation assays between Grg4-Flag and Otx1 or Otx2 (P) and between Grg4-Flag and Otx2 mutant proteins not responding to Grg4-corepression (Q) show that, when co-transfected with the Grg4-Flag expressing vector, the Flag antibody co-immunoprecipitates Grg4-Flag and Otx1 or Otx2 (P), while it fails to co-immunoprecipitate Grg4-Flag and Otx2 mutant proteins (Q). (R) Comparison between the Otx1 and Otx2 amino acid domain (bold) responding to Grg4 and those known for other transcription factors reveals conservative substitutions (grey box) or identity (white box). The ß-act indicates that a similar amount of total RNA is analysed for each transfection. Numbers indicate the DNA amount in micrograms transfected for each plasmid. ABB, alar-basal boundary; I, input; IP, immunoprecipitation.

 


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Fig. 6. Lack of Otx2 and increased expression of Shh affect the expression of Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2. (A-L) Shh (A,D,G,J), Nkx6.1 (B,E,H,K) and Nkx2.2 (C,F,I,L) immunodetection in the ventral midbrain of E10.5 and E12.5 En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos (A-F), in the rostral hindbrain of E12.5 En1cre/+ embryos (G-I), and in the ventral midbrain of E12.5 Otx1cre/+; Otx2flox/– embryos (J-L). The arrows in B,E,K indicate the ventral neuroepithelium where Nkx6.1 expression is lost, and the arrows in C,F indicate the ventral expansion of the Nkx2.2 domain. fp, floor plate; ABB, alar-basal boundary.

 


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Fig. 7. Abnormalities in extent, identity and fate of progenitor domains. (A-F) In situ hybridisation (A-E) and immunohistochemistry (F) on whole-mount embryos focussing on sagittal view of the ventral midbrain of En1cre/+ and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox embryos at E12.5 and E11.2 with Fgf8 (A), Pou4f1 (B), Th (C), Isl1 (D), Pet1 (E) probes and 2H3 (F) antibody. (G-ß) Immunohistochemistry (G-R,W-ß) and in situ hybridisation (S-V) at E12.5 in the midbrain of En1cre/+, En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox and En1cre/+; Otx2flox/flox; Otx1-/- embryos and in the rostral hindbrain (M-R) of En1cre/+ embryos with Nkx6.1 (G,M,W), Nkx2.2 (H,N,X), Pou4f1 (I,O,Y), Th (J,P,Z), Isl1 (K,Q,{alpha}) and 5-HT (L,R,ß) antibodies and with Otx2{Delta} (S), Fgf8 (T), Th (U) and Sert (V) probes. ({gamma}) Schematic representation summarising the expression pattern of Shh, Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2 and neuronal cell types detected in control and mutant embryos. The broken lines in A indicate the approximate position of frontal (G-L) and horizontal (S-V, M-R) sections; the position of frontal sections of the triple mutant (W-ß) are at a level similar to that of the conditional mutant, but in the triple mutant this position is posterior to Fgf8 expression; the arrowheads in B-E and the arrows in S,U,V indicate the corresponding position of Fgf8 expression and the arrows in T indicate the posterior border of functional Otx2 domain; the inset in H,N,X highlights the ventral expression of Nkx2.2; the bracket demarcates the neuroepithelium expressing Nkx2.2 and generating Ser neurons in the midbrain of mutant embryos (H,L,X,ß) and in the rostral hindbrain of control embryos (N,R). OM oculomotor nucleus; RN, red nucleus; Fb, forebrain; Mb, midbrain; Hb, hindbrain; TN, trochlear nucleus; OMn, oculomotor nerve; e, eye; DA, dopaminergic cells; Ser, serotonergic cells.

 


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Fig. 8. Abnormal differentiation is maintained at later stages in the ventral midbrain of conditional mutants. (A-H) Immunohistochemistry in sagittal (A-D) and frontal (E-H) sections of E15.5 control and conditional mutant embryos with Pou4f1 (A,E), Th (B,F), Isl1 (C,G) and 5-HT (D,H) antibodies. The arrowheads in A indicate the position of frontal sections and the arrow in G indicates the residual Isl1-positive neurons. RN, red nucleus; SN, substantia nigra; VTA, ventral tegmental area; MHB, midbrain-hindbrain boundary; TN, trochlear nucleus; OM, oculomotor nucleus.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2004