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First published online 2 December 2004
doi: 10.1242/dev.01566


Development 132, 143-154 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005


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Growth and pattern of the mammalian neural tube are governed by partially overlapping feedback activities of the hedgehog antagonists patched 1 and Hhip1

Juhee Jeong and Andrew P. McMahon*

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA



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Fig. 2. Growth and patterning phenotypes of Hhip1-/- and Hhip1-/-;Ptch1+/- neural tube at E10.5. (A) Summary of the expression patterns of the markers used in this study to identify progenitor domains and neuronal precursor populations (*Lim1/2 has other expression domains more ventrally). (B,C) Cross-sections of neural tube from wild-type (B) and Hhip1-/-;Ptch1+/- (C) embryos. Green, Pax7 protein; blue, nuclei stained with Topro3. (D-R) Immunofluorescence of neural tube sections. Genotypes of the embryos and antibodies as indicated in each panel. Sections in D-O are aligned ventrally (bottom). Sections in P-R are aligned dorsally (top). (S) Quantification of Foxa2+ cells in wild type, Hhip1-/- and Hhip1-/-;Ptch1+/- embryos (*wild type significantly different from Hhip1-/-;Ptch1+/-, P<0.08). (T) Quantification of the size of each progenitor domain along the DV axis in cell diameters in wild-type, Hhip1-/- and Hhip1-/-;Ptch1+/- embryos. d, dorsal domain. (U) Representation of the size of each progenitor domain along the DV axis as a percentage of the total DV length of the neural tube. Scale bar: 50 µm.

 


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Fig. 4. Changes in ventral and dorsal neuronal precursor populations at E10.5 following disruption of LDA. (A-F) In situ hybridization detection of Sim1 expression in neural tube sections. Genotypes of the embryos as indicated in each panel. (G-X) Immunofluorescence of neural tube sections. Genotypes of the embryos and antibodies as indicated in each panel. Sections in A-R are aligned ventrally (bottom). Sections in S-X are aligned dorsally (top). (Y-e) Quantification of neuronal precursor populations. (*wild type significantly different from mutant, P<0.08). (f) The numbers of different types of neuronal precursors in MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1+/- or MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1-/- spinal cord compared with those in the wild type (*wild type significantly different from mutant, P<0.08). Scale bar: 50 µm.

 


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Fig. 1. External features of E10.5 embryos with reduced feedback LDA to Hh signaling. Genotypes are indicated in each panel.

 


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Fig. 3. Patterning phenotypes of the MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1+/- and MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1-/- neural tube at E10.5. (A-X) Immunofluorescence of neural tube sections. Genotypes of the embryos and antibodies as indicated in each panel. Sections in A-P are aligned at the same ventral position (bottom). Sections in Q-X are aligned at the same dorsal position (top). (Y) Quantification of Foxa2+ cells in wild-type, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1+/- and MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1-/- embryos. (Z) Quantification of the size of each progenitor domain along the DV axis in cell diameters in wild-type, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-, MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1+/- and MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1-/- embryos. d, dorsal domain. (a) Representation of the size of each progenitor domain along the DV axis as a percentage of the total DV length of the neural tube. Scale bar: 50 µm.

 


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Fig. 5. Shh-dependent patterning in the wild type neural tube around E8.5. (A-R) Immunofluorescence of neural tube sections to assess neural progenitor specification. Stages of the embryos and antibodies as indicated in each panel. Arrows indicate notochord. Scale bar: 25 µm.

 


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Fig. 6. Neural progenitor domain patterning of feedback LDA mutants at E8.5. (A-R) Immunofluorescence of neural tube sections from eight-to nine-somite stage embryos. Antibodies and genotypes of the embryos as indicated in each panel. (S-X) Analysis for ß-galactosidase activity in neural tube sections from 11- to 12-somite stage embryos. The Ptch1-null allele has the coding sequence for nucleus-localized ß-galactosidase inserted under the Ptch1 endogenous promoter (Goodrich et al., 1997Go), and the Hhip1 null allele has the coding sequence for cytoplasmic ß-galactosidase placed under the regulation of Hhip1 promoter (Chuang and McMahon, 1999Go), allowing both to serve as potential reporters of Hh signaling. However, as shown in T, the level of ß-galactosidase expression from the Hhip1LacZ allele appears to be below the level of detection, suggesting that the staining observed in U and W is predominantly from Ptch1LacZ. (Y) Quantification of the size of each neural progenitor population as reflected by cell numbers in wild type and feedback LDA mutants. p3/pMN, Nkx2.2+Olig2+; p1+p0+dorsal domain, Pax6+Nkx6.1-. (Z) Representation of the size of each progenitor domain as a percentage of the total cell numbers in the neural tube. Scale bar: 25 µm.

 


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Fig. 7. Model for the regulation of morphogen signaling by LDA. (A) In the absence of LDA, the morphogen (pink circle) produced from a restricted area of the tissue will travel over a field of cells. When the morphogen molecules run into a cell that expresses a signal-transducing receptor (blue cell surface molecule), some of them will bind to the receptor to induce signal transduction (blue arrows), while the rest will move on to the next cell to form a concentration gradient. (B) In the presence of LDA, the antagonists (red cell surface molecule) will compete with the signal-transducing receptors for a limited amount of ligand, and thus decrease the pathway activity within a cell (one blue arrow instead of two in A) at a given concentration of morphogen (cell-autonomous effect). In addition, as the ligands will bind to both receptors and antagonists, less of them will move on to the next cell, which will affect morphogen distribution in the tissue (non-cell autonomous effect). (C) Cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects of LDA together will decrease the magnitude and range of the morphogen signaling gradient. (D) The neural tube patterning defects of MtPtch1;Ptch1-/-;Hhip1-/- embryos are in agreement with the model in A-C (see text).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2005