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First published online 5 January 2005
doi: 10.1242/dev.01595

Development 132, 603-614 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
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Genetic and molecular identification of genes required for female gametophyte development and function in Arabidopsis

Gabriela C. Pagnussat1,*, Hee-Ju Yu1,2,*, Quy A. Ngo1, Sarojam Rajani1, Sevugan Mayalagu1,{dagger}, Cameron S. Johnson1, Arnaud Capron1, Li-Fen Xie3,{ddagger}, De Ye3,§ and Venkatesan Sundaresan1,4,¶

1 Section of Plant Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
2 National Horticultural Research Institute, RDA, I-Mok dong 475, Jang-An Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 440-706 Republic of Korea
3 Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
4 Department of Agronomy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA



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  		Fig. 1. Wild-type female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. (A) Scheme showing the sequential developmental events leading to the wild-type female gametophyte formation in Arabidopsis. (B) Wild-type embryo sac containing one functional megaspore. (C) Wild-type embryo sac at the two-nuclear stage. Arrowheads indicate nuclei. (D) Wild-type embryo sac at the four-nuclear stage. Arrowheads indicate nuclei. (E) Cellularized wild-type embryo sac containing eight nuclei. (F) Wild-type embryo sac containing seven cells and seven nuclei. AC, archesporial cell; Ap, antipodal cells; Cc, central cell; Ccn, central cell nucleus; Ec, egg cell; FG5, eight-nuclear embryo sac; FG6, seven-cell embryo sac; FG7, four-cell embryo sac; Fm, functional megaspore; MMC, megaspore mother cell; Pn, polar nuclei; Syn, synergide; Vac, vacuole. Scale bar: 25 µm.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Phenotype of mutants with defects in embryo sac development. (A) Mature wild-type embryo sac. (B) Arrested embryo sac containing a functional megaspore and degenerating spores (EDA 8). (C) Mutant presenting an embryo sac arrested at the two-nuclear stage (EDA 1). The vacuole is indicated and the arrowheads indicate the nuclei. (D) Mutant with an embryo sac arrested at the four-nuclear stage (EDA 4). The vacuole is indicated and the arrowheads indicate the nuclei. (E) Embryo sac showing abnormal number and position of nuclei (EDA 13). The arrowheads indicate the nuclei positions. (F) Polar nuclei fail to fuse (EDA 27). Ant, antipodal; Syn, synergide; Ec, egg cell; Ccn, central cell nucleus; Vac, vacuole; Fm, functional megaspore; Pn, polar nuclei. Scale bar: 25 µm.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Phenotype of mutants showing defects in fertilization and embryo development. (A) Silique showing a wild-type (Wt) and one mutant embryo (Mt) sac, both with pollen tubes (Pt) at the micropyle (UNE 10). (B) Silique showing two wild-type embryo sacs with pollen tubes at their micropyles and one mutant embryo sac that failed to attract a pollen tube to its micropyle (UNE 14). (C) Mutant embryo sac presenting two intact synergids after pollination (UNE 9). (D) Mutant showing embryo development arrested at the one-cell stage presenting two big endosperm nuclei (End n) (MEE 31). A single arrow indicates the zygote. (E) Mutant showing an abnormal embryo proper (Ep) and suspensor (MEE 70). (F) Wild-type control embryo at early heart stage. Scale bar: 25 µm. Syn, synergide; Ec, egg cell; Ccn, central cell nucleus; F, filament.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Distribution and classification of the genes disrupted in mutants with defects in embryo sac development (A), fertilization process (B) and early stages of embryo development (C).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2005