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First published online 22 March 2006
doi: 10.1242/dev.02340

Development 133, 1693-1702 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
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Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis MSI1

Romaric Bouveret, Nicole Schönrock, Wilhelm Gruissem and Lars Hennig*

Institute of Plant Sciences and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, ETH Zurich, LFW E17, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. MSI1 is an activator of floral transition. (A) 35-day-old wild-type (WT) and msi1-tap1 plants grown in long days (LD). Note, msi1-tap represents msi1-1/msi1-1 PMSI1::MSI1-TAP. (B) Analysis of the flowering time of four independent msi1 lines complemented with a TAP-tagged MSI1 protein grown in LD. (C) Analysis of the flowering time of three independent msi1 lines complemented with untagged MSI1 protein grown in LD. Note, msi1-notap represents msi1-1/msi1-1 PMSI1::MSI1. (D) Flowering time of msi1-tap1 grown in LD presented in number of days to bolting. (E) Analysis of the flowering time of the msi1-tap1 line complemented with a 35S::MSI1 construct, and of MSI1 antisense (msi1-as) plants grown in LD. (F) Analysis of the flowering time of wild-type plants carrying the 35S::MSI1 construct grown in continuous light. Graphs show means±s.e.m. of total rosette leaves at bolting (B,C,E,F) or days to bolting (D).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Physiology of msi1-tap1 plants is similar to that of autonomous pathway mutants. (A) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 without (-GA) or with (+GA) gibberellic acid treatment in LD. (B) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 and fve at 16°C and 23°C in LD. (C) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 grown in short days (SD). (D) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 without (-VRN) or with (+VRN) a vernalization treatment in LD (left) and SD (right).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. MSI1 and MSI4/FVE are non-redundant. (A) MSI1 and MSI4/FVE expression profiles are strongly correlated. Data are based on measurements from 238 microarrays profiling Arabidopsis development (Schmid et al., 2005Go), which were processed using the GCRMA algorithm. The observed correlation between MSI1 and MSI4/FVE (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.92) was among the top 0.028 % of the highest values found in this data set. (B) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 and fve plants in LD either without (-) or with (+) introduction of the construct 35S::MSI1. (C) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1, clf and clf msi1-tap1 double mutants in LD.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Expression of the floral activator SOC1 is delayed in msi1-tap1, msi1-as and msi1-notap3. (A) Expression analysis of SOC1 in wild-type and msi1-tap1 during seedling development in LD. Plants were grown for 5 to 11 days after germination (DAG) on plates containing MS medium in LD. RNA was extracted from total seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in LD and harvested every second day at 4 hours after start of the light period. (B) Quantification of the results in A. Values were normalized to the corresponding GAPDH control. The maximal value in wild-type was set to 1.0. Black symbols, wild type; white symbols, msi1-tap1. (C) Expression analysis of SOC1 in msi1-tap1 in SD. RNA was extracted from total 15- and 18-day-old seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in SD harvested at 1 hour before the end of the light period. (D) Expression analysis of SOC1 in msi1-as and msi1-notap3 in SD. RNA was extracted from total 14-day-old seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in SD harvested at 1 hour before the end of the light period. (E) MSI1 expression in the shoot apex. RNA was isolated from dissected 18-day-old seedlings grown in SD. STM was used an apex-specific control. GAPDH was used as control in A,C-E. n.t., no template control.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Genetic interactions of MSI1. (A) Expression analysis of FT in msi1-tap1 and fve. RNA was extracted from total 8-day-old seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in LD. (B) Expression analysis of SOC1 and FLC in msi1-tap1 fve double mutants. RNA was extracted from 8-day-old seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in LD. GAPDH was used as a control in A and B. n.t., no template control. (C) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 flc and msi1-tap1 flm double mutants in LD. (D) Analysis of the flowering time of msi1-tap1 fve and msi1-tap1 soc1 double mutants in LD. (E) Analysis of the flowering time of 35S::SOC1 and msi1-tap1 35S::SOC1 in LD.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Altered histone methylation and acetylation at the SOC1 locus in msi1-tap1 seedlings. (A) Scheme of the transcribed region of the SOC1 locus and the fragments used for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The gray and black boxes symbolize exons and introns, respectively, and the dark gray boxes, the untranslated exons. (B) Expression of the phosphofructokinase (PFK) gene At4g04040 is not changed in msi1-tap1 plants. RNA was extracted from total 15-day-old seedlings grown on plates containing MS medium in SD. (C) Quantification of PCR products after ChIP with anti-dimethyl-histone H3K4 and anti-acetyl-histone H3K9 antiserum. Values were normalized to PFK and are shown as relative enrichments in samples from msi1-tap1 versus wild-type seedlings. The gray and hatched bars represent the results of two independent ChIP experiments. Chromatin was extracted from 15-day-old seedlings grown in SD harvested at 1 hour before the end of the light period.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Model of non-redundant functions of MSI1 and MSI4/FVE to promote flowering.

 

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