First published online 6 June 2007
doi: 10.1242/dev.003707
Development 134, 2541-2547 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
What lies at the interface of regenerative medicine and developmental biology?
Donald E. Ingber1,* and
Michael Levin2
1 Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
2 Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Forsyth Institute, and
Developmental Biology Department, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston,
MA 02115, USA.

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Fig. 1. Current and future approaches to tissue and organ regeneration. At
present, the replacement of an organ, such as a whole limb, is carried out
through surgical transplantation or implantation of prosthetic devices (bottom
panel). Therapeutic stem cell strategies (top panel) present an alternative
approach to identifying the controls that drive these cells to form the
various specialized cell types that comprise an organ. Tissue engineering
(middle panel) focuses mostly on the cell-to-tissue transition by combining
cells with scaffolds that mimic the ECM to promote multicellular assembly and
provide mechanical functions. Future approaches are likely to integrate stem
cells into tissue-engineered products, or use implantable engineered materials
to guide stem cell behavior in vivo. Another developmental biology-based
approach, which could promote the entire cell-to-organ regeneration cascade,
requires identification of `master regulators' that are analogous to those
that produce whole-limb and appendage regeneration in lower organisms.
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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007