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First published online June 6, 2008
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.020511

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Turning neurons into a nervous system

Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Il 60637, USA.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Cell morphology: development and function. (A) Retinal ganglion cells of an embryonic day/postnatal day mouse that express a fluorescent form of junctional adhesion molecule B. These cells are scattered over the retina with their dendrites aligned from dorsal to ventral (dorsal is uppermost). Axons stream down to the optic nerve (red arrowhead). Image courtesy of In-Jung Kim and Joshua Sanes (Harvard University, MA, USA). (B) An immature Purkinje cell and its dendritic arbor (left panel). Viewed orthogonal to the major axis of the arbor (right panel), dendrites are seen in two planar arrays (yellow arrows). Elimination of excess dendrites by an innervation-dependent mechanism leads to an arbor in a single plane. Image courtesy of Mineko Kengaku (Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The role of axon-axon interactions in the formation of the retinotectal map. (A) Dorsal view of the head of a wild-type zebrafish larva, showing the projection of retinal ganglion cells (colored circles) from the eye to the optic tectum (broken outlines). The terminal arbors of ganglion-cell axons are arranged in a topographic fashion, preserving their neighborhood relationships in the retina. Axons from the temporal retina (red, T) are connected to the anterior (A) region of the tectum; nasal axons (green, N) project to the posterior (P) tectum; and axons from intermediate positions in the retina (yellow) terminate in the center of the tectum. (B) Dorsal view of a lakritz (atoh7) mutant zebrafish in which a single ganglion cell has developed from a transplanted clone of wild-type cells. The single ganglion cell (green; an example of a nasal cell is shown here) sends a solitary axon into the tectum, where it projects to its topographically appropriate zone, but forms a larger arbor than is normal (red arrowhead). This experiment rules out a requirement for axon competition in retinotectal mapping along the anterior-posterior axis. However, axon-axon interactions strongly influence the stability of branches on the proximal/anterior side of the arbor. Images courtesy of Nathan Gosse and Herwig Baier (University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA).

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