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First published online 5 March 2008
doi: 10.1242/dev.016295


Development 135, 1451-1461 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008


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APC/CFzr/Cdh1 promotes cell cycle progression during the Drosophila endocycle

Karine Narbonne-Reveau1, Stefania Senger1, Margit Pal2, Anabel Herr3,*, Helena E. Richardson3, Maki Asano4, Peter Deak2 and Mary A. Lilly1,{dagger}

1 Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
2 Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
3 Cell Cycle and Development Lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, 7 St Andrews place, East Melbourne, 3002 Victoria, Australia.
4 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.


Figure 1
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Fig. 1. Geminin levels are low during endocycles. Wild-type (A,A') ovariole, (B,B') stage 13 Drosophila embryo and (C,C') larval salivary glands stained with (A,B,C, white; A',B',C' inset, green) {alpha}-Geminin and (A', inset, red) {alpha}-{alpha}-Spectrin antibodies, and (A',B',C' inset, blue; C', white) DAPI. (A,A') Geminin is expressed in mitotic follicle cells of the ovary (stage 1-6), but is absent from endocycling cells after stage 6 (arrow), with the exception of the polar cells (asterisk). Geminin levels are downregulated when germline nurse cells enter into the endocycle in region 3 of the germarium (localized by the {alpha}-Spectrin antibody staining; A', inset). (B,B') During embryogenesis, Geminin expression is shown in mitotic cells, but is absent from endocycling cells. (C,C') Geminin staining is also absent in the larval salivary gland, except for the imaginal ring of the salivary gland (insert, arrow), which contains diploid adult precursor cells. mr1/mr2 mutant (D,D') ovariole and (E,E') larval salivary gland, labeled with (D,E, white; D',E', insets, green) {alpha}-Geminin antibody and (D',E', white; D',E', insets, blue) DAPI. Geminin is ectopically expressed in mr mutant nurse cells and in salivary glands cells.

 

Figure 2
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Fig. 2. APC/CFzr/Cdh1 functions during endocycles. (A) Schematic representation of Flipout/Gal4 clones induction in the Drosophila salivary gland. Clones are induced during the first larval instar, after the cells have entered the endocycle (Smith and Orr-Weaver, 1991Go). The Flipout/Gal4 technique was used to clonally express UAS-ApcRNAi constructs with GFP. (B-D''') salivary gland containing (B-B''' and C-C''') Apc8RNAi or (D-D''') Apc8RNAi; Apc10RNAi Flipout/Gal4 clones stained with (B,C,D, white; B''',C''',D''', green) {alpha}-GFP, (B',D', white; B''', D''', red) {alpha}-Geminin and (C', white; C''', red) {alpha}-Cyclin A antibodies and (B'',C'',D'', white; B''',C''',D''', blue) DAPI. (B',D') Geminin and (C') Cyclin A are ectopically expressed in cells that express the Apc8RNAi or the Apc8RNAi; Apc10RNAi constructs. Expression of Apc8RNAi, as well as the co-expression of Apc8RNAi and Apc10RNAi, results in a decrease in the nuclear size (B'', arrowheads; D'', arrows).

 

Figure 3
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Fig. 3. Cyclin E overexpression during the endocycle results in the unscheduled accumulation of APC/C targets. The Flipout/Gal4 technique was used to clonally overexpress Cyclin E and Fizzy-related with GFP. (A-B''') Drosophila salivary glands and (C-D'') egg chambers containing (A-C'') UAS-Cyclin E and (D-D'') UAS-Cyclin E; UAS-Fzr Flipout clones labeled with (A,B, white; A''',B''',C,C'',D,D'', green) {alpha}-GFP, (A', white; A''',C',C'',D',D'', red) {alpha}-Geminin and (B', white; B''', red) {alpha}-Cyclin A antibodies and (A'',B'', white; A''',B''',C-C'',D-D'', blue) DAPI. (A',C') Geminin and (B') Cyclin A are ectopically expressed in cells that overexpress Cyclin E, both in the salivary gland (arrows) and in follicle cells of the ovary (brackets). (D-D'') In follicle cells, the co-expression of Fzr/Cdh1 with Cyclin E inhibits the expression of Geminin (brackets).

 

Figure 4
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Fig. 4. Expression of the Fzr/Cdh1 inhibitor Rca1 during the endocycle. Rca1 was ectopically expressed using either (A-C) the Flipout/Gal4 technique or (D) a hs-Rca1 construct. (A-B''') Drosophila salivary glands and (C-C'') egg chamber containing UAS-Rca1 Flipout clones stained with (A,B, white; A''',B''',C,C''', green) {alpha}-GFP, (A', white; A''',C',C'', red) {alpha}-Geminin and (B', white; B''', red) {alpha}-Cyclin A antibodies and (A'',B'', white; A''', B''',C,C',C'', blue) DAPI. (D-D'') Egg chambers expressing a hs-Rca1 construct labeled with (D, white; D'', red) {alpha}-Cyclin A and (D', white; D'', green) {alpha}-Geminin antibodies and (D'', blue) DAPI. Induction of Rca1 expression leads to the accumulation of APC/C targets, in the (A,B) salivary gland (arrows), in the (C) follicle cells (brackets) and in (D) the nurse cells.

 

Figure 5
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Fig. 5. Co-expressing a GemininRNAi construct does not rescue the Cyclin E or ApcRNAi overexpression phenotypes. The Flipout/Gal4 technique was used to clonally overexpress Geminin, Cyclin E Apc10RNAi; Apc8RNAi and GemininRNAi with GFP. Drosophila salivary glands containing (A-A''') UAS-Geminin, (B-B''') UAS-Cyclin E; UAS-GemininRNAi and (C-C''') UAS-Apc10RNAi/UAS-GemininRNAi; UAS-Apc8RNAi Flip-out clones labeled with (A,B, white; A''',B''', green) {alpha}-GFP, (C, white; C''' green) {alpha}-β-Gal and (A',B',C', white; A''',B''',C''', red) {alpha}-Geminin antibodies, and (A'',B'',C'', white; A''', B''',C''' blue) DAPI. (A-A''') The overexpression of Geminin, in cells marked by an asterisk, blocks DNA replication. (B-B''',C-C''') Co-expression of GemininRNAi does not rescue the block of DNA replication associated with overexpression of Cyclin E or Apc10RNAi; Apc8RNAi [compare the DNA content in flip-out clones (arrows) with the DNA content in wild-type cells (arrowheads)]. The mitotic cells of the imaginal ring cyclically express Geminin (asterisk).

 

Figure 6
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Fig, 6. Orc1 is a target of the APC/CFzr/Cdh1 during the endocycle. Drosophila salivary glands containing (A-A'') UAS-Apc10RNAi; UAS-Apc8RNAi and (B-B'') UAS-Cyclin E Flip-out clones labeled with (A,B, white; A'',B'', red) {alpha}-Orc1 and (A',B', white; A'',B'', green) {alpha}-GFP antibodies, and (A'',B'', blue) DAPI. Orc1 is ectopically expressed in cells that express the UAS-Apc10RNAi; UAS-Apc8RNAi or UAS-Cyclin E (marked by an asterisk) constructs in the salivary gland. The arrow indicates a wild-type cell that expresses high levels of Orc1 protein. (C,D) porc1-Orc1-GFP (C) and porc1-Orc1Oboxmut-GFP (D) salivary glands labeled with (white and green) {alpha}-GFP antibody and (blue) DAPI. Higher levels of Orc1 are observed when the O box is mutated. The pictures shown in C and D were taken using the same settings. Wild-type (E-E'') egg chambers and (F-F'') salivary gland stained with (E,F, white; E'',F'',green) {alpha}-Orc1 and (E',F', white; E'',F'', red) {alpha}-MPM2 antibodies, and (E'',F'', blue) DAPI. There is a correlation between the MPM2 spheres and the Orc1 staining.

 

Figure 7
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Fig. 7. A model for the regulation of the APC/CFzr/Cdh1 activity during endocycles in Drosophila. Our data indicate that APC/CFzr/Cdh1 activity is required for endocycle progression. During the endocycle, APC/CFzr/Cdh1 targets Geminin, Cyclin A, Cyclin B and Orc1, and possible additional proteins for proteolysis. We propose that APC/CFzr/Cdh1 activity is downregulated during the endocycle by the oscillating activity of the Cyclin E/Cdk2 complex. Oscillation of APC/CFzr/Cdh1 activity allows for the periodic accumulation of Orc1, a component of the pre-RC. See text for details. During the endocycle, staining for the mitotic cyclins and Geminin appears extremely low and consequently the proteins are not shown in this model. However, it is still possible that these proteins are present at low levels in some endocycling cell types.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008