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First published online April 24, 2009
doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.024141

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Insights into neural crest migration and differentiation from experimental embryology

Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The construction of avian chimeras. (A,B) Schematics of a chick host (A) and a quail donor (B) embryo at stage 12-13 of development. (A) A region of the neural tube, as indicated by the black bars, is removed from the chick host. (B) A region of the neural tube that includes the neural crest (dark shading) is removed from the quail donor. It is trypsinized and used to replace the area of excised tissue in the host chick. Owing to the more compact appearance of heterochromatin in quail cells, the donor cells can be distinguished from those of the host in the chimeric embryos. (C) The excised neural tube tissue and its transplantation into the host chick embryo (shown in transverse section; arrows in A mark the level of the transverse section). Redrawn, with permission, from Le Douarin (Le Douarin, 1982).

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Anatomy of the gut autonomic nervous system. (A,B) Cross sections of an amniote neural tube (NT, top) to show (A) the sympathetic and (B) the parasympathetic (PS) systems of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. (A) The sympathetic system consists of comparatively short pre-ganglionic (yellow) axons that arise at thoracic levels. (B) The PS system has longer pre-ganglionic (yellow) axons that arise at the cranial (vagal) and sacral levels of the axis. The post-ganglionic neurons form nerve networks in the gut wall called Meissner's plexus and Auerbach's plexus. Note the presence of the enteric ganglia in the wall of the gut. Ach, acetylcholine, EG, enteric ganglia; NE, noradrenalin; PoF, post-ganglionic fibers; PrF, pre-ganglionic fibers; SG, sympathetic ganglia; SM, smooth muscles. Redrawn, with permission, from Le Douarin (Le Douarin, 1982).

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Neural crest origin of the ENS. Fate mapping of autonomic ganglia along the neural crest, showing the origins of parasympathetic (left) and sympathetic (right) ganglia. The results of Le Douarin and Teillet (Le Douarin and Teillet, 1973) are shown on the left of this figure. (Centre) A schematic of a chick neural axis, anterior to the top, showing the positions of somites (S) along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. The neural crest origins of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons are shaded yellow, and those of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are shaded green. (Left) A schematic of the chick stomach and gut. (Right) Peripheral sympathetic nervous system. AdGl, adrenal gland; CG, ciliary ganglion; Mes, mesencephalic crest; RG, Remak's ganglion; SCG, superior cervical ganglion. Redrawn, with permission, from Le Douarin (Le Douarin, 1982).

View larger version (124K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Neural crest ablation experiment. A figure from the study of Rickmann et al. showing a horizontal section from a chick embryo that had neural crest ablated from it at the 15-somite stage, was killed at stage 19, and then stained with anti-NC-1 antibody. The image shows that the pattern of outgrowth of the ventral root nerve fibres is essentially normal in the neural crest-free somites and is restricted to the rostral half of the somite. Only the middle somite on either side is entirely free of neural crest cells; the surrounding somites have small numbers of stained cells within them (arrows). Scale bar: 1 µm. Reproduced, with permission, from Rickmann et al. (Rickmann et al., 1985).

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