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Loss of connexin45 causes a cushion defect in early cardiogenesis

Madoka Kumai, Kiyomasa Nishii, Kei-ichiro Nakamura, Naoki Takeda, Misao Suzuki and Yosaburo Shibata

Department of Developmental Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

Fig.1&2

E8.5 wild-type and Cx45^-/- embryos

These video images indicate that both embryos show rhythmic contractions, although the contractions of this Cx45-/- ( D45nlacZneo line) embryo may be less vigorous than the wild-type embryo.

Fig.3

E9.5 embryos

Wild type
This embryo indicates that control contraction pattern, and is also shown in Fig. 5 (in the paper). The time intervals of the spontaneous contractions seem long, but within the limits of normal variations. Over the ventricle, the outflow tract is seen to contract in accordance with ventricular contractions.

Fig.4

Cx45^-/- #1

A right side view of the embryo (D 45nlacZ line). Impairment of motion is observed in the outflow tract. Over the outflow tract, the contractions of the atrium are seen to be severely impaired.

Fig.5

Cx45^-/- #2

This embryo (D 45nlacZneo line). shows atrioventricular conduction block, and is also shown in Fig. 5 (in the paper). Only one or fewer ventricular contractions are seen in every second atrial contraction.

Fig.6

Cx45^-/- #3

This embryo (D 45nlacZneo line). shows atrioventricular conduction block. Conduction velocity through cardiac walls is significantly reduced.

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