Fig. 4. Effects of BMP2 on facial morphogenesis. (A) SEM showing the reduction in size of the frontonasal mass (arrow). (B) Loss of the maxillary bone (asterisk) and the abnormal articulation of the palatine bone to the jugal bone (arrow). (C) Upregulation of Msx1 expression in frontonasal mass (arrow) and maxillary prominence. (D) Expression of Msx2 encompasses one-third of the maxillary prominence (lower arrow) and the lateral third of the frontonasal mass (upper arrow). Normal expression domain of Msx2 in the maxilla is restricted to a small patch at the posterior edge of the prominence (arrowhead). (E) Downregulation of Shh expression in the epithelium of the stomodeum (arrows). (F) Slight decrease in Shh expression after only 3 hours of BMP2 treatment (stage 24). Note the lack of expression in the globular process on the contralateral side. (G) Decrease in expression of Fgf-8 around the treated nasal pit (arrow). Position of bead is shown with asterisk in D-G. Scale bars: 500 µm for A,C-G (bar in C applies to C-E); 3 mm for B. Abbreviations: fnm, frontonasal mass; mx, maxillary prominence; mxb, maxillary bone; md, mandibular prominence; j, jugal; p, palatine bone.

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