Fig. 5. Waveform analysis of sperm in the absence and presence of bicarbonate. (A,B) The angular deviation (tan angle) and distance along the flagellum (arc length) were extracted from time series of waveform images. (A) Data encompassing two beat cycles (23 frames) for a representative sperm bathed in medium Na7.4. (B) Data encompassing approximately three beat cycles (11 frames) for another sperm in Na7.4 with 15 mM NaHCO₃. In A,B, the heavier black lines show the time-averaged tangent angle compiled from two and six beat cycles, respectively. (C) Similar analysis was applied to 15-29 frames (two to six beat cycles) of waveform images of 20 other cells for each treatment group. Mean values (±s.e.m.) for all cells (n=21 cells in three experiments) bathed with Na7.4 alone () or with 15 mM NaHCO₃ (•). The length of the averaged segments were limited by other traces that were shorter than those shown in A and B.

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